Geometry Golden :: essays research papers

T0e ancient Parthenon in Athens is an example of the Golden rectangle used in Architecture.These are examples of the Golden Rectangle in Art.The Chambered Nautilus Is an example of the spiral shape that fits inside the golden rectangle.Constructing the Golden Rectangle Using The Golden RatioThe ratio, called the Golden Ratio, is the ratio of the length to the width of what is said to be one of the approximately aesthetically pleasing rectangular shapes. This rectangle, called the Golden Rectangle, appears in nature and is used by humans in both art and architecture. The Golden Ratio behind be noticed in the way trees grow, in the proportions of both human and animal bodies, and in the frequency of rabbit births. The ratio is close to 1.618. Whoever first find these intriguing manifestations of geometry in nature must have been very excited about the discovery. A study of the Golden Ratio provides an intereting setting for enrichement activities for older students. Ideas involve d are ratio, similarity, sequences, constructions, and other concepts of algebra and goemetry.Finding the Golden Ratio. Consider a line segment of a length x+1 such that the ratio of the unit of measurement line segment x+1 to the longer segment x is the same as the ratio of the line segment, x, to the shorter segment, 1. ?Thus, ?. The resulting quadratic equation is ?. A controlling root of this equation is ?, or 1.61803... This irrational number, or its reciprocal ?, is known as the Golden Ratio, phi . Now we leave construct the Golden Rectangle. First we willing construct a squate ABCD. ?Now we will construct the midpoint E of DC. ?Extend DC. With center E and radius EB, draw an arc crossing EC extended at C. ?Construct a perpendicular to DF at F. ?Extend AB to intersect the perpendicular at G. ?AGFD is a Golden Rectangle.Now we will measure the length and width of the rectangle. Then we will find the ratio of the length to the width.

Lord of the Flies :: essays papers

Lord of the travelArtificial Restraints in Lord of the FliesGOLDING PUTS SO MANY ARTIFICIAL RESTRAINTS ON HIS STORY IN ORDER TO EMPHASISE HIS POINT, THAT THE WHOLE THING COMES OUT TOO NEATLY AND, IN FACT, REDUCES THE exponent OF HIS MESSAGE. I think that, while the boys experience immense bad luck due to the author, the story still proves its point. It is still possible though, that the bad luck of the boys could do been experienced in real life. I think that without this bad luck, the point of the story wouldnt be as great, because without the restraints Golding placed on the boys, life on the island would have been too easy for the boys. The major constraint that Golding puts on the boys is the personality clash between Jack and Ralph. From the beginning, when Ralph is elected leader, Jack hates Ralph, and towards the can of the book, the feeling becomes mutual. Without Jack and Ralphs problems, life would have been easy, and the darkness of mans heart would not have be en conveyed to the reader. Jack shows the darkness and if he and Ralph had serious been friends, there would never have been an opportunity for Jack to show this darkness which lurked beneath the surface. Golding also uses the dead pilot conveniently against the boys - the way in which he is caught in the trees just in the right position to be caught by the wind and look like the beast and the way the wind picks up by and by Simon has let him down from the trees and carries him out to sea, so that the other boys cannot see that it wasnt a beast. The author uses the boys fear against them, and although this could possibly happen in the situation, Golding uses it as a weapon against them, their morale and their companionship. I think that the boys split up and go to Jack because of the fear - he can kill the beast, he can get them meat, and if they ever get upset, he can start a dance and all will be fine.

How We Got The King James Version :: essays research papers

The baron jam Version has be love so sanctified by time and use that to many people it has come to be regarded as the Bible. Our English Bible mob I was born in 1566 and died in 1625. He belonged to the House of Stuart along with all the other Kings of Scotland and a few from England. pack I became the King of England when Elizabeth I, his cousin, died. This happened in the year 1603. When he took over the English thr iodine, he was also the King of Scotland and ruled under the mark of King James IV. He ruled both England and Scotland until he died. Charles I, Jamess son, was the successor to both of the thrones. James believed in the divine right of kings, the competency to rule as a king from God, not the people. James had many thing named after him, and Jamestown is probably the most famous other that the King James Version of the Bible.James, in one case know as King James VI of Scotland, is accredited with this version of the translation of the Bible. Around 1603, James c ame to England for the debate of succeeding Elizabeth in the throne and became King James I. As soon as he arrived in England, the Hampton Court Conference was held for the reason to hear of the problems of the church. This conference failed its purpose, but one of the best translations of the vocalise of God came from it. John Reynolds, president of Corpus Christi College, was the sole motivator for this bran-new translation and he was the one that got King James to arise on the translation. His at one time got James attention and he soon started the translations soon after There was one stipulation that James had and it was that there be no notes in the margins of the new book. He found all those notes to be untrue and dangerous to kings.Within Six months the general plans were drawn up and ready to be carried out. James had had to pack scholars that he thought were trustworthy and ready for the task ahead. His original list consisted of 54 of these scholars. Before it was o ver with, this list had dwindled down to 47. The reason for the drop in number was because of death and also some of the scholars withdrew from the work. Now that all these men had been chosen, they had to be dived up into teams.How We Got The King James Version essays explore papers The King James Version has become so sanctified by time and use that to many people it has come to be regarded as the Bible. Our English BibleJames I was born in 1566 and died in 1625. He belonged to the House of Stuart along with all the other Kings of Scotland and a few from England. James I became the King of England when Elizabeth I, his cousin, died. This happened in the year 1603. When he took over the English throne, he was also the King of Scotland and ruled under the name of King James IV. He ruled both England and Scotland until he died. Charles I, Jamess son, was the successor to both of the thrones. James believed in the divine right of kings, the ability to rule as a king from God, not the people. James had many thing named after him, and Jamestown is probably the most famous other that the King James Version of the Bible.James, formerly know as King James VI of Scotland, is accredited with this version of the translation of the Bible. Around 1603, James came to England for the reason of succeeding Elizabeth in the throne and became King James I. As soon as he arrived in England, the Hampton Court Conference was held for the reason to hear of the problems of the church. This conference failed its purpose, but one of the best translations of the word of God came from it. John Reynolds, president of Corpus Christi College, was the sole motivator for this new translation and he was the one that got King James to start on the translation. His immediately got James attention and he soon started the translations soon after There was one stipulation that James had and it was that there be no notes in the margins of the new book. He found all those notes to be untrue and dangerous to kings.Within Six months the general plans were drawn up and ready to be carried out. James had had to choose scholars that he thought were trustworthy and ready for the task ahead. His original list consisted of 54 of these scholars. Before it was over with, this list had dwindled down to 47. The reason for the drop in number was because of death and also some of the scholars withdrew from the work. Now that all these men had been chosen, they had to be dived up into teams.

Canada :: essays papers

CanadaThis ISP is is about my views on the Canadian Constitution andwhat I recover needs to be changed in it. Some topics I hasten chose to discus,which I think need to be changed ar ones much(prenominal) as the notwithstandingclaws and its disadvantages, as well as the discanct society claws and itsdisadvantages as well as what effects it has on the Canadian socity. I givealso discuis the effects and disadvantages of what the appontiment of thesuprem court judges. The positive court of Canada is yhe higest court in Canada. Therole of the suprem court is to hear cases which have been hear inprovincal court and have been appeled to the supreme court for futherruling. The court also hears cases which deal with constutitionl law andcases that deal with vile and civil cases. In appointing judges for thesupreme court a motion of elimination is used by going through all of theprovincal lawers untill one is found who is thought to be fit for thepossition. adjudicate manitain officew ith good behavoruntill age 75 and can however be removed by the Governal superior general of Canada with addvess from thesenate and house of commons. The unequivocal court is also a general court of appeal for sadcases. In theory any citizen may come before the Supreme Court to pleadhis own case, but such instances are rare. In criminal cases the court willhear appeals if an acquittal has been set aside or if there has been adissenting judgement in a provincial Court of Appeal on a question of law.A guilty verdict in a case of first-degree murder may automatically beappealed to the Supreme Court. If it first grants leave to appeal, the courtmay also hear appeals on questions of law arising from summaryconvictions or indictable offences. In civil cases appeals may only bepresented with the prior permission of the court such permission isgranted when the court believes that the case raises a question of semipublicimportance or an master(prenominal) issue of law or of mixed law and fact thatought to be decided by the court in the theme interest. In about 75% of its cases, the court explains its reasoning alongwith its decision. In about 56% of these cases, it has upheld the decision ofthe lower court. Normally the justices go into conference direct afterthe argument of a case, review its elements and compare their opinions.One of the justices drafts the courts judgement. If, after receiving andreading this judgement, his colleagues disagree with it, there may beCanada essays papersCanadaThis ISP is is about my views on the Canadian Constitution andwhat I think needs to be changed in it. Some topics I have chose to discus,which I think need to be changed ar ones such as the notwithstandingclaws and its disadvantages, as well as the discanct society claws and itsdisadvantages as well as what effects it has on the Canadian socity. I willalso discuis the effects and disadvantages of what the appontiment of thesuprem court judges. The supreme court of Canad a is yhe higest court in Canada. Therole of the suprem court is to hear cases which have been heard inprovincal court and have been appeled to the supreme court for futherruling. The court also hears cases which deal with constutitionl law andcases that deal with criminal and civil cases. In appointing judges for thesupreme court a process of elimination is used by going through all of theprovincal lawers untill one is found who is thought to be fit for thepossition. Judges manitain officewith good behavoruntill age 75 and canonly be removed by the Governal general of Canada with addvess from thesenate and house of commons. The Supreme Court is also a general court of appeal for criminalcases. In theory any citizen may come before the Supreme Court to pleadhis own case, but such instances are rare. In criminal cases the court willhear appeals if an acquittal has been set aside or if there has been adissenting judgement in a provincial Court of Appeal on a question of law.A guilty ve rdict in a case of first-degree murder may automatically beappealed to the Supreme Court. If it first grants leave to appeal, the courtmay also hear appeals on questions of law arising from summaryconvictions or indictable offences. In civil cases appeals may only bepresented with the prior permission of the court such permission isgranted when the court believes that the case raises a question of publicimportance or an important issue of law or of mixed law and fact thatought to be decided by the court in the national interest. In about 75% of its cases, the court explains its reasoning alongwith its decision. In about 56% of these cases, it has upheld the decision ofthe lower court. Normally the justices go into conference immediately afterthe argument of a case, review its elements and compare their opinions.One of the justices drafts the courts judgement. If, after receiving andreading this judgement, his colleagues disagree with it, there may be

Examine the role of processes in schools in producing different educational achievement among pupils from different social groups. :: essays research papers fc

Examine the role of processes in schools in producing divergent educational achievement among pupils from different social groups.Differential educational achievement is unquestionable stirred by different social groups however this is not the only factor that affects the educational winner of students.Members of working class place a lower pass judgment on education, they place less emphasis on formal education as a means to personal achievement, and they see less value in continuing school beyond the minimum leaving age. They place a lower value on achieving higher occupational status, when evaluating jobs they place emphasis on stability, security and immediate economic benefits and run for to reject the risks and investments involved in aiming for high status occupations. Job horizons tend therefore to be limited to a good trade. Manual and non-manual jobs account for differences in outlook and attitude, middle-class occupations provide an opportunity for continuous advancem ent in income and status but this is not the mooring for manual workers. They r distributively full earning capacity relatively quickly and are provided fewer opportunities for promotion. This would therefore affect the attitude of parents and this attitude and outlook on keep would be passed on to the next generation. Pupils from working class origins would be socialized in certain situations, e.g. fatalism, immediate gratification, present time orientation and collectivism. Parental interests in their children education effects school achievement, middle class parents express interest in their children progress, they are more likely to want their children to do well and check mark at school beyond the minimum leaving age level and so will encourage them to do so. Middle class children also tend to receive greater stimulus from their parents in the early years, which forms a basis for high achievement in the educational system. Different social groups have different life experie nces and chances, the habitats of each group will be different and will lead individuals to make certain choices regarding behaviour. Through up bringing and education, people run into to be able to express good taste those with legitimate taste can mix in the most culturally advantaged circles. This gives students with higher-class backgrounds more chance of success in education. fond inequality is reproduced in the educational system and as a result is legitimated, and is particularly effective in maintaining the power of the dominant classes.Social class is not the only thing that affects educational achievement. Ethnicity has been seen to affect the educational attainment of pupils research by Drew (1995) found that Afro-Caribbean males were at the bottom of each class group in terms of attainment.

Examine the role of processes in schools in producing different educational achievement among pupils from different social groups. :: essays research papers fc

Examine the role of processes in schools in producing different educational achievement among pupils from different social groups.Differential educational achievement is veritable(a) affected by different social groups however this is not the only factor that affects the educational success of students.Members of working class place a dismay respect on education, they place less idiom on formal education as a means to personal achievement, and they see less value in continuing school beyond the minimum leaving age. They place a lower value on achieving higher occupational status, when evaluating jobs they place emphasis on stability, security and immediate economic benefits and tend to reject the risks and investments involved in aiming for high status occupations. Job horizons tend therefore to be moderate to a good trade. Manual and non-manual jobs account for differences in outlook and attitude, middle-class occupations provide an opportunity for continuous advancement in in come and status but this is not the case for manual workers. They reach full earning capacity relatively quickly and are provided fewer opportunities for promotion. This would therefore affect the attitude of parents and this attitude and outlook on life would be passed on to the next generation. Pupils from working class origins would be socialized in certain situations, e.g. fatalism, immediate gratification, present time orientation and collectivism. maternal interests in their children education effects school achievement, middle class parents express interest in their children progress, they are more likely to want their children to do strong and stay at school beyond the minimum leaving age level and so will encourage them to do so. Middle class children overly tend to receive greater stimulus from their parents in the early years, which forms a basis for high achievement in the educational system. Different social groups have different life experiences and run a risks, th e habitats of each group will be different and will lead individuals to make certain choices regarding behaviour. Through up bringing and education, pot learn to be able to express good taste those with legitimate taste can mix in the most culturally advantaged circles. This gives students with higher-class backgrounds more chance of success in education. Social inequality is reproduced in the educational system and as a result is legitimated, and is particularly effective in maintaining the power of the dominant allele classes.Social class is not the only thing that affects educational achievement. Ethnicity has been seen to affect the educational attainment of pupils research by Drew (1995) found that Afro-Caribbean males were at the tin can of each class group in terms of attainment.

3 Poems

Republic of the Philippines Tarlac State University COLLEGE OF EDUCATION Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City 73 Poems (A rhetorical Analysis) In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In the course EM9 introduction to Stylistics Submitted to Mr. Christopher Ronn Q. Pagco Instructor 1 (listen) this a dog barks and how deadly houses eyes people smiles 5 faces streets steeples are eagerly tumbl ing through wonder ful sunlight 10 look selves,stirwrithe o-p-e-n-i-n-g are(leavesflowers)dreams , surface quickly come 15 run run with me now jump shout(laugh dance cry sing)for its Spring 20 irrevocably and in earth sky trees either where a miracle go fars 25 (yes) you and I whitethorn not hurry it with a thousand verses my darling 30 but nobody will stop it With All The Policemen In The World (E. E. e. e. cummings, 73 Poems) Introduction Stylistic is very contrastive from studying literature. That is wherefore it is documentaryly difficult to do a rhetorical digest than to do a li terary analysis. Because when doing a literary analysis, you just focus on the elements of the story and the theory being used. It is totally distinguishable when doing a Stylistic analysis, which you should invariably be based on facts.That is why doing a stylistic analysis is really factual and complicated. In doing a stylistic analysis, we try to explain how the names in the text create feelings and meanings. I will be analyzing the 73 meters of E. E. Cummings. I will show you the stylistic features of the poem. Edward Estlin Cummings was born October 14, 1894 in the town of Cambridge Massachusetts. His father, and most constant source of awe, Edward Cummings, was a professor of Sociology and Political Science at Harvard University. In 1900, Edward left Harvard to become the ordained minister of the South Congregational Church, in Boston.As a child, E. E. tended to(p) Cambridge public schools and lived during the summer with his family in their summer home in Silver Lake, Ne w Hampshire. E. E. loved his childhood in Cambridge so a good deal that he was shake to write disputably his most famous poem, In Just-. Not so much in, In Just- but Cummings took his fathers pastoral background and used it to preach in m any(prenominal) of his other poems. In you shall above all things be glad and young, Cummings preaches to the reader in verse telling them to love with naivete and innocence, alternatively than listen to the world and depend on their mind.Attending Harvard, Cummings studied Greek and other languages. In college, Cummings was introduced to the write material and artistry of Ezra Pound, who was a wide-ranging influence on E. E. and many other artists in his time. After graduation, Cummings volunteered for the Norton-Haries Ambulance Corps. En-route to France, Cummings met another recruit, William Slater Brown. The two became close friends, and as Brown was arrested for writing incriminating letters home, Cummings refused to separate from his fr iend and the two were sent to the La Ferte Mace concentration camp.The two friends were finally freed, only due to the judgment of Cummings father. E. E. Cummings experimented with poetic form and language to create a distinct personal style. A Cummings poem is spare and precise, employing a few anchor words eccentrically placed on the page. Some of these words were invented by Cummings, often by combining two common words into a new synthesis. He also revised grammatical and linguistic rules to suit his own purposes, using much(prenominal) words as if, am, and because as nouns, for example, or assigning his own snobby meanings to words.Despite their nontraditional form, Cummings poems came to be popular with many readers. Stylistic Analysis Before I start the analysis itself, let me tell first my initial interpretation of the poem. This is my general interpretation of the poem. 73 poems is a book which is a collection of poems by E. E. Cummings. It has 73 pages and each poem do es not father any title. The poem that I will be doing a stylistic analysis is found on page 63. The fact the E. E. Cummings did not make or put a title in each poem gives the reader the permission to give their own title. So for reference, I will use the word Spring as a title.Since, it is the first word in the poem written in capital letter. Cummings poems are difficult to interpret because they deal striking irregularities. Many of E. E. Cummings poems that I have read appear to all the joy and new things it brings in life but other work symbolizes negativity to mankind. Spring is a reference for a new life. It is a beginning. I have related it in the life of everyone. After the winter which crumb be a symbol of problems and struggles, we people are happy in the fact that spring is coming which can be a symbol that every problem has its ending and solution.When you are somehow forgetting God and not putting Him in the center of your life, it is like everything is aggrieve. But when you put Him in the center of your life, everything seems alright. When everything goes wrong just keep your faith. You will feel blessed and at ease at all times. And this new life with the Lord is Spring. I came up with this interpretation by merely face at the words and by reading beyond the declensions. Linguistic Stylistic Features I easily noticed that the poem consists of many nouns and verbs. NOUNSMAIN VERBSADJECTIVESADVERBS doglistenwonderfulcrazily housesbarkseasily yestumblingquickly peoplelookirrevocably smilesstir faceswrithe streetsopening steeplescome (2x) sunlightrun (2x) leavesjump flowersshout dreamslaugh earthdance skycry treessing miracleis poemsarrives policemenhurry worldstop 192114 The nouns are mostly concrete and only two are abstract (dreams and miracle). Nouns that are related to nature are dog, leaves, flowers, earth, sky, trees, miracle and world. Nouns that are related to pitying are houses, eyes, people, smiles, faces, streets, steeples, dre ams, poems and policemen. in that location are no neologisms and no morphological deviation which Cummings is fond of using.It makes use of directive verbs which addresses to another person such as (listen, look, come (2x), run (2x), jump, shout, laugh, dance, cry and sing). The most striking aspect of deviation in Spring is the constant use of lower case letters alternatively of capital letters which is known as the graphological deviation. It is very typical of Cummings poems so I will no longer give significance to it. Cummings desire is to break the normal convention. The effect of graphological deviation is to foreground the words which are written in capital letters.Since Spring is the first word which is written in capital letter, I can say that it plays a big role in the meaning of the poem. Some of the words are really written in a strange manner. In lines 7 and 8, Cummings divides the word tumbling so that the progressive morpheme ing appears on a separate line. In these lines, the verb appears to surrender from one line to the next. I think it is a way for us to understand the action being done as an heavy concept in the poem. In lines 8 and 9, the word wonderful runs across the morphemes (wonder and ful). I can interpret it in two ways, the noun wonder and the adjective wonderful.There is astrong element of bring out in the last stanza (With All The Policemen In The World) since the words start in capital letters which make it stand out. There is also lack of phonological parallelism, obvious lack of punctuation and it follows the grammatical ordering which follows the rules of syntax. Perhaps, Policemen is used because they are the stereotype example of powerful people. There is also the second pronoun (you) in line 26 and it has an addressee referred to my darling in line 29. Suggesting that there is a romantic relationship between the speaker and whomever he is referring or addressing to.Semantic Deviation In lines 12 and 13, (o-p-e-n-i-n-g /are(leavesflowers)dreams). In line 13, leaves and flowers mean that they are physically opening. Dreams cannot actually open. It breaks the rule of subject-verb-object. It will be more appropriate to say the leaves and flowers are opening. It makes me arrive to the interpretation that the poets dreams are opening metaphorically. In line 2 (this a dog barks). The possible explanation of this is that this is used to show that the speaker is referring to a specific dog, but a is used to show that the speaker is not sure of the dogs name.Grammatical Deviation Cummings used much punctuation where it would not be necessary. Example is in lines 12 and 13 (o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are(leavesflowers)dreams). This phrase is being bracketed where punctuations are not needed. In lines 3 to 6 (how crazily houses/eyes people smiles/faces streets/ steeples are eagerly) and in line 22 (earth sky trees) groups of nouns are often run together without punctuation. Cummings split the progressive participle open ing into its component letters (o-p-e-n-i-n-g). The hyphens are used to express that opening of Spring is a long, drown out process and slow.The following line (are(leavesflowers)dreams) contains no spaces between words and punctuation marks. Dynamic verbs such as in line 10 (-look-) which comes with hyphens on both sides, the initial verb in line 14 (,come quickly come) which starts with a comma and in line 11 (selves,stirwrithe) which is connected by a colon and lack of space which makes them foregrounded. Actions are foregrounded in different ways. In line 15 (run run) I noticed that there is repetition of words. In lines 16, 17 and 18 (with me now/jump shout(laugh dance cry sing)for) the verbs come in in unpunctuated list.Tense Most of the verbs are in present tense. The simple present tense are barks (line 2), is (line 9) and arrives (line 24). There are present progressive verbs such as are eagerly/tumbling (lines 6, 7 and 8) and o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are (lines 12 and 13). There are also progressive present participles (tumbling and opening) indicates the ongoing nature of action. There are also four adverbs of manner which convey sense of speed (quickly), excitement (crazily, eagerly) and inevitability (irrevocably). Sound Patterns I found the repetition of particular wakeless which is in the phonological order.There is a degree of phonological parallelism in each stanza except the last two stanza. There are 3 repetitions of vowel sounds. how crazily houses (line 3) eyes people smiles (line 4) steeples are eagerly (line 6) wonderful sunlight (lines 8 and 9) , come quickly come (line 14) sing) for its Spring (line 19) determination The effect of foregrounding is to make it unusually easy for us to understand the poem. Actually after doing the stylistic analysis of the poem, I never thought that the real meaning of the poem is very superficial because on my interpretation is something that is not explicitly shown.And knowing E. E. Cummings of poems most of th em or maybe a bay window of them entails deeper meaning which you as a reader should really think of the possible interpretation of the poem. And Spring is an exception to that. Now that I have analyzed the poem stylistically, I am in the position to give the meaning of the poem. Spring is an active and dynamic poem since most of the words express movements and it involves senses. The poem is to be address to a lover that nobody can stop the love that he feels for the love if his life.It is also to acknowledge the inevitability of the natural world. With All The Policemen In The World expresses that nothing or nobody is able to stop the progression of Spring or the poets love to his addressee. Reflection Essay Am I able to do it? that is the question that really tickled my mind and bothered me a lot. Stylistic analysis is a new endeavor for me. It is very far different from doing a literary analysis and critizing a literary piece which I am comfortable and confident in doing. When I am doing the analysis itself, I can say that the feeling is really vague.It is like I am on something and I do not know where and what to do. I do not know how to start. But as I am on the process of doing the stylistic analysis, I felt a part of me feeling fulfillment. The most important thing that I have learned in doing the stylistic analysis is issue as how foregrounding is the corner stone of stylistics. Because I believe that discipline is the corner stone for you to achieve something that you want. Discipline comes from the heart. I know that this is the reason behind why I was able to do my stylistic analysis.I have the heart and the passion in doing this. Patience is also a virtue that I have developed. Because doing a stylistic analysis is a long process. It does not stop on finding and noticing the foregrounded parts of the poem. You have to prove and say your piece of why and how that part of the poem is foregrounded. You have to go back to the lines on the poem many times. You have also to devote your time in analyzing the poem because you are basing your works on facts and not by merely looking the words on the poem. At first, I admit that I will be having a hard time doing it.But as I go through the process and making the first move, I found myself having fun and enjoying what am I doing. Doing a stylistic analysis is something that we should not be white-lipped of. In fact, it is an easy thing to do as long as you are guided with the correct steps to follow in doing the analysis. As I did the analysis of the poem, I found myself proud. Proud in the fact that, I finished my analysis with my own blood and sweat. It made me somehow feel that I am a certified sylistician even though it was only my first time to do a stylistic analysis.Upon finishing my analysis, I have reflected that stylistic analysis is like life. It is like the authors of poems. They write poems using their own perspective and style because that is what they like. Nobody is dictating them to do so. Another thing is that doing a stylistic analysis is a process. In this way, life also follows a certain process. A good example of this is that, when you want to achieve something, start from the basic step out front you can go to a more difficult one, life is really a process, you cannot get want you want with just a blink of an eye.It is something that we should always work for. The stylistic analysis helped me in many ways. Not only on the virtues that I have developed, the discipline but also the academic tax it taught me. It made me see the world of literature vividly. I can say that literature is really an interesting work of art. References http//www. lancs. ac. uk/fass/projects/stylistics/sa1/example. htm http//famouspoetsandpoems. com/poets/e__e__cummings

Curleys Wife

Mediums by which she is presented to the reader by Steinbeck is by how she is described by both(prenominal) the characters and Steinbeck, what she is wearing and her body language when she is with the workers, her actions with the characters and what she says (the hidden meaning of what she says). angiotensin-converting enzyme of the ways the reader can learn astir(predicate) a Character is through the former(a) Characters description and their opinion of that character, in the case of Curlers unify woman the original we hear of her is from Crooks, the old swamped, when he is talking to George during a game of cards.He states, she got the eye which shows that she is a sexy and an immoral woman because she has single been married for two weeks. glaze over too describes her as a tart (a tart is a woman who dresses or behaves in a way that is conside sanguine tasteless and internally provocative). The fact that Curlers Wife is introduced through rumors means that the reader h as a biased impression of her. Already the reader has been introduced to the conceit that Curlers Wife is a tart and an immoral flirtatious woman. This nous is the further strengthened by 1st appearance.Her first appearance of the story is made in the doorway of the bunkhouse, asking the where roughs of her husband which is revealed to be a promiscuous excuse to settle interaction with the workers. She is wearing red cotton house dress and red mules, on the instep of which were little bouquets of red strict feathers. Emphasizing her sexual presence with the air red, but the emphasis of the color red also shows danger because the color red is some fourth dimensions associated with danger, which shows she is a dangerous character.Additionally, the bouquets of ostrich feathers, also described as red, on the insteps of her shoes would have been extremely expensive in the time which Of Mice and Men was set and that Curlers Wife not however wears them on her feet but in the middle of the Dust Bowl expresses her desperate withdraw for attention and she is willing to reveal her best pair of shows in order to main he attention of the workers, despite the fact she has a husband. Our image of Curlers wife being immoral women in then further reinforced when she Starts talking to George, Oh She put her pass on behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward. Not only is Cur less Wife described as a street girl but also a dangerous woman. Upon entering Crooks room it is clear that glass and Crooks atomic number 18 afraid of her when they both scowled down from her eyes this deliberate prevention of eye contact suggest that they are scared of her or they dont feel as if they need to dignify her with eye contact. The word scowling means that the presence of her displeases Candy and Crooks.In the story we come that both Crooks and Curlers Wife are similar in more the hotshot way both are obviously intelligent and percept ive of themselves as well as others, and both contain a deep bitterness stemming from their mistreatment. twain contain a bleak and accurate insight of the unplumbed nastiness of people and they are discriminated (When she threatens to perish him hung l could involve so strung so quickly it ant even funny and isolated (In the novella in that respect are many quotes to show that Candys Wife is a lonely Oman l never get to talk to nobody. Et awful lonely. Whats the matter with me? Anti I got a right to talk to nobody? Seems like they anti none Of them cares how goat live. ) In the novella she is also linked to The American Dream (Dictionary definition is the ideal by which equality of opportunity is available to any American, allowing the highest aspirations and goals to be achieved. Because she is talking to Leonie about what happened to her before she get married (this shows that even though she is married and has a husband to talk to SE still rise to talk to the workers, but it also shows a vulnerable side of her it tells us that maybe she doesnt get to talk much at her house that she has bad relationship). She reveals that her mother denied her the opportunity to join a traveling show ( I always thought my 01 bird stole it) when she was fifteen and then, years later, a talent SCOUt spotted her and promised to take her to Hollywood to become a movie star.When nothing came of it, she decided to marry Curler, whom she dislikes. Well, I wasnt goanna stay no place where I couldnt get nowhere or make something of myself, an where they stole your teeters This tells she left home because she believed and her mother was denying her of her dream and she only married Curler to get away from her mother which leads to question Does she have a hot relationship with her husband? wavy is arrogant We know he is arrogant because in the novella he picks with the biggest worker there (Leonie) believing that he has bounteous strength to take down the biggest worker Co me on, yea big bastard Get up on your feet. No big son-of-a-bitchy is goanna laugh at me Curler is deliberately shouting at Leonie because he thinks he can win because of his arrogance. His wife is a flirt and definitely lacks the attention (the right phase of attention) she should receive from her husband. Shes a trophy, and he treats her as such.They had a nearsighted engagement (they married the night they met), and Curlers wife, from the little we really know about her married curled for little more than to get away from her mother. Curly and his wife have a truly unstable marriage, lacking in communication, love and respect. Curly believes that manipulation, intimidation, and insensitivity provide him with power over a wife who is fact just a lonely, young woman who needs to be loved. Not to et the wife score the hook here Curlers wife is far from stupid.She likes the money and the becoming house she never tries to leave him. But she also holds some power in their relatio nship. Curly wife possessed his mind, and as Ive already stated hes very jealous. Being the only woman on the ranch, Curly is even more worried about her behavior with the men who work there If he didnt know where she was for even a minute, he was off looking for her. Example You seen a girl nearly here? he demanded angrily. She made him crazy and enjoyed it. So ultimately, neither one of them are very happy its a pretty unhealthy relationship.Curleys WifeMediums by which she is presented to the reader by Steinbeck is by how she is described by both the characters and Steinbeck, what she is wearing and her body language when she is with the workers, her actions with the characters and what she says (the hidden meaning of what she says). One of the ways the reader can learn about a Character is through the other Characters description and their opinion of that character, in the case of Curlers Wife the first we hear of her is from Crooks, the old swamped, when he is talking to Geo rge during a game of cards.He states, she got the eye which shows that she is a flirtatious and an immoral woman because she has only been married for two weeks. Candy also describes her as a tart (a tart is a woman who dresses or behaves in a way that is considered tasteless and sexually provocative). The fact that Curlers Wife is introduced through rumors means that the reader has a biased impression of her. Already the reader has been introduced to the idea that Curlers Wife is a tart and an immoral flirtatious woman. This idea is the further strengthened by 1st appearance.Her first appearance of the story is made in the doorway of the bunkhouse, asking the whereabouts of her husband which is revealed to be a weak excuse to make interaction with the workers. She is wearing red cotton house dress and red mules, on the instep of which were little bouquets of red strict feathers. Emphasizing her sexual presence with the color red, but the emphasis of the color red also shows danger because the color red is sometimes associated with danger, which shows she is a dangerous character.Additionally, the bouquets of ostrich feathers, also described as red, on the insteps of her shoes would have been extremely expensive in the time which Of Mice and Men was set and that Curlers Wife not only wears them on her feet but in the middle of the Dust Bowl expresses her desperate need for attention and she is willing to ruin her best pair of shows in order to main he attention of the workers, despite the fact she has a husband. Our image of Curlers wife being immoral women in then further reinforced when she Starts talking to George, Oh She put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward. Not only is Cur less Wife described as a floozy but also a dangerous woman. Upon entering Crooks room it is clear that Candy and Crooks are afraid of her when they both scowled down from her eyes this deliberate prevention of eye contact suggest that they are scared of her or they dont feel as if they need to dignify her with eye contact. The word scowling means that the presence of her displeases Candy and Crooks.In the story we know that both Crooks and Curlers Wife are similar in more the one way both are obviously intelligent and perceptive of themselves as well as others, and both contain a deep bitterness stemming from their mistreatment. Both contain a bleak and accurate insight of the fundamental nastiness of people and they are discriminated (When she threatens to get him hung l could get so strung so quickly it ant even funny and isolated (In the novella there are many quotes to show that Candys Wife is a lonely Oman l never get to talk to nobody. Et awful lonely. Whats the matter with me? Anti I got a right to talk to nobody? Seems like they anti none Of them cares how goat live. ) In the novella she is also linked to The American Dream (Dictionary Definition is the ideal by which equality of opportunit y is available to any American, allowing the highest aspirations and goals to be achieved. Because she is talking to Leonie about what happened to her before she get married (this shows that even though she is married and has a husband to talk to SE still rise to talk to the workers, but it also shows a vulnerable side of her it tells us that maybe she doesnt get to talk much at her house that she has bad relationship). She reveals that her mother denied her the opportunity to join a traveling show ( I always thought my 01 lady stole it) when she was fifteen and then, years later, a talent SCOUt spotted her and promised to take her to Hollywood to become a movie star.When nothing came of it, she decided to marry Curler, whom she dislikes. Well, I wasnt goanna stay no place where I couldnt get nowhere or make something of myself, an where they stole your teeters This tells she left home because she believed and her mother was denying her of her dream and she only married Curler to ge t away from her mother which leads to question Does she have a good relationship with her husband?Curly is arrogant We know he is arrogant because in the novella he picks with the biggest worker there (Leonie) believing that he has enough strength to take down the biggest worker Come on, yea big bastard Get up on your feet. No big son-of-a-bitchy is goanna laugh at me Curler is deliberately shouting at Leonie because he thinks he can win because of his arrogance. His wife is a flirt and definitely lacks the attention (the right kind of attention) she should receive from her husband. Shes a trophy, and he treats her as such.They had a short engagement (they married the night they met), and Curlers wife, from the little we really know about her married Curly for little more than to get away from her mother. Curly and his wife have a very unstable marriage, lacking in communication, love and respect. Curly believes that manipulation, intimidation, and insensitivity provide him with pow er over a wife who is fact just a lonely, young woman who needs to be loved. Not to et the wife off the hook here Curlers wife is far from stupid.She likes the money and the nice house she never tries to leave him. But she also holds some power in their relationship. Curly wife possessed his mind, and as Ive already stated hes very jealous. Being the only woman on the ranch, Curly is even more worried about her behavior with the men who work there If he didnt know where she was for even a minute, he was off looking for her. Example You seen a girl around here? he demanded angrily. She made him crazy and enjoyed it. So ultimately, neither one of them are very happy its a pretty unhealthy relationship.

Langston Hughes’ Salvation

In the accepted design of things, a childs mind is beautifully fuelled by the balance of both remarkable simplicity and seemingly undamaging curiosity to discover life, in spite of only its questions, contradictions, and intricacies. The mind of a child naturally takes every and any thought, idea, and principle, no matter how plain or complex, and dissects them quite amazingly into its most literal meaning, despite any and every traditional and substantial belief, credibility, and association it holds.More ofttimes than not, the c at oncept of fathoming any idea and form of spiritual and existential conviction for a child is unsurprisingly basic and basically unsurprising. However, as poet, playwright, short story writer, and novelist Langston Hughes chronicles, once when he was twelve, a particular visit to church shattered all sensibilities of devout spiritual naivety and caused him to cross over into a state of acknowledgement beyond his years then which he would carry thereafte rrealization of faith of supposition of God of possibly not being true at all.As philosopher and poet George Santayana (2008) puts, Wisdom comes by disillusionment, which summarizes that certain childhood experience of a raw Langston Hugheswisdom, in many variety, which exponentially posed endless queries for a young person mind (n. p. ). The experience brought forth many forms of disenchantment from the idea of a church and belief system, the credibility of the revival process, person-to-person salvation from sin, and even the concept of the Messiah, Jesus Christ.A young Langston, in his unassuming state, has been well-oriented by his Aunt Reed about what to expect during a revival ceremony before his unintended enlightenment. He was told that he was to see a light as an indication that Jesus had come into his life which equivocally translates to personal salvation. As a young Langston (2003) recalls and stresses, She said you could see and hear and feel Jesus in your soul. I believed her So I sat there calmly in the hot, crowded church, postponement for Jesus to come to me (n. . ). In every way, it was safe to assume that both parties and everyone else in attending the service-revival were expecting everything would go as a normal eventuality, but unfortunately, it did not. Evidently, during that fateful night, the young Langston waited for an empirical manifestation of Jesus Christ. Within him, the anticipation was built to its highest. Yet, only frustration, confusion, and even embarrassment led to his disillusionment and thus wisdom.The young Langston may have considered the possibility of the animated demonstration of all faith, prayer, and song to having lost all its divine potency. He may also have considered later on that everything might have been staged, especially when all of the children, but him and another boy, have not been saved. Also, from the other boy, Westley, expressing a solution and rather reacting discreetly and violently at th e same time seemed nonsense to him.The young Langstons personal definition of salvation then was sincerely expecting an appearance to be saved, not to be stand up from the mourners bench and automatically being hailed as saved by those in attendance. In comparison to what he was expecting, the actual process estimable did not qualify as deliverance. He was expecting something much divine, miraculous even. As the young Langston was lost in translation and clouded by even more confusion, though in derailed hopes, he still simply wanted to wait for Jesus arrival.As the long wait allowed only a stalemate outlet and time to stand still, the concern of salvation for a young Langston shifted to saving face in public. When he decided to be once and for all saved, those who were in attendance erupted in sheer praise and glee. All of which, he did not seem to simply appreciate the value, if any, because he was still tight holding to his personal understanding of what should have happena p hysical materialization of Christ. In every sense imaginable, for a child, a letdown of such proportions can only move frustration and disappointment.In all of this, the evidence of being ultimately disenchanted was the night after the revival-service, when a young Langston concluded that Jesus did not appear, neither to save nor help him. Thus, in all its simplicity, he bears wisdom to question, to wonder, and to consider the untraditional, the other side of things. In an early age, he was brought into a realm of possibilities all of which he can compare, contrast, choose to believe in or not, and all else in between.Works CitedHughes, Langston. Salvation. Spiritwatch Ministries.1 September 2003. 27 January 2009. http//www.spiritwatch.org/firelangsave.htm.Santayana, George. George Santayana Quotes.Famous-Proverbs.com. 2008. 28 January 2009 http//www.famous-proverbs.com/Santayana_Quotes.htm.

Sta302 – Assignment 2

From the Scatterplot of Revenue vs. Circulation, it can be seen that the variance of the dependent variable, Revenue, is increasing. This is a violation of the Gauss-Markov condition of constant variance in the error terms. Also, since a linear relationship seems appropriate, transformation of both the dependent and independent variables are necessary. 2) allowance polynomial models to the information may be better than fitting a straight line model to the untransformed data because this allows for curvature and can fit the data more closely.However, this might not be sufficient because it does not account for nonconstant variance. 3) The natural log transformation of both variables provides the best model of the three. From the plot of the turnabout Line for lnRevenue vs. lnCirculation, it can be seen that the points are relatively equally scattered around the regression line. Also, the nonconstant variance seems to be fixed. This is evident in the plot of the residuals vs. pre dicted values, as the points are randomly scattered about the center line.The square root transformation of both variables improves linearity, as indicated in the plot of the Regression Line for sqrtRevenue vs. sqrtCirculation, scarcely does not fix the problem of non-constant variance. This can be clearly seen in the plot of the residuals vs. predicted values. The points are not randomly scattered around the center line, simply seem to be bunched up on the left side and spread outwards, indicating increasing variance. The inverse transformation of both variables does not improve linearity, as curvature can be seen in the plot of the Regression Line for invRevenue vs. invCirculation.Although non-constant variance is slightly improved over the square root transformation, as can be seen in the plot of the residuals vs. predicted values, it is still insufficient. Therefore, both variables natural log transformed seems to be the best model of the three choices. 4) The model used is . This implies that . From this result, it can be seen that a k-fold change in the circulation in millions results in a change in taxation in thousands of dollars. From the regression, =0. 5334. This means that if circulation changes by a factor of k, its revenue will also change by a factor of k0. 334. 5) From SAS, a 95% soothsaying interval with a circulation of 1 million for the natural log of the revenue is (4. 3005, 5. 0202) with a predicted value of 4. 6604.This translates to a prediction interval of ($73 736. 65, $151 441. 59) with a predicted revenue of $105 678. 35. 6) Since the threshold for Cooks D is 4/(n-2), where n=70, the threshold is 0. 059. There are five values with Cooks D greater than 0. 059, which indicates that they are influential points. From the normal Q-Q plot of the residuals, these 5 points can be seen to be utliers at the ends of the graph. Therefore, they can greatly affect the fit of the model. Also from the normal Q-Q plot, it can be seen that the res iduals are not just normally distributed. The curvature at the ends of the plot indicates heavy tails in the distribution. By the Central Limit Theorem confidence intervals, and the values for , , and E(Y) are valid. However, since a prediction interval deals only with a single point, it is not valid. Due to the heavy tails in the distribution of the error terms, the prediction interval calculated in 5) may not be accurate.

Stylistic Analysis of the Poem “Meeting at Night”

The Love Song of Hair Dyal Rudyard Kipling Alone upon the housetops to the North I turn and watch the lightnings in the sky The glamour of thy foot standards in the North. Come screen to me, Beloved, or I get. Below my feet the still bazar is laid Far, far below the weary camels lie The camels and the captives of thy raid. Come back to me, Beloved, or I die My fathers wife is old and harsh with years, And drudge of all my fathers house am I My bread is sorrow and my drink is tears. Come back to me, Beloved, or I dieStylistic Analysis of the Poem Meeting at night Meeting at Night Robert Browning The gray sea and the long sinister land And the icteric half-moon large and row And the startled little waves that leap In fiery ringlets from their sleep, As I gain the cove with pushing arc, And abate its speed I the slushy linchpin. Then a mile of warm sea-scented beach Three fields to cross till a farm appears A tap at the pane, the quick sharp scratch And blue spurt of a lighted ma tch, And a voice less loud, thro its joys and fears,Than the two hearts trouncing each to each The Theme of the Poem This poem written by Robert Browning is a poem of love that describes clearly the parts sailplaning on the sea to the bay on the beautiful night to go to the girl she loves and affects her at night. In here, it is said that the readers can feel the excitement and pleasure of the couples on their meeting at night. It is genuinely clear at the end of the poem that the woman is somehow nervous and afraid while waiting for the man she loves.But, upon hearing the mans tap on the window pane, she is very happy and relieved to see him, which only shows how deep their love and missing is. linguistic Analysis of the Poem byLiu Yueqin Liu Yueqin has presented five linguistic presentation of the poem. Here is the following linguistic analysis he had in this poem of Robert Browning a. phonologic features 1. End rhyme The rhyme scheme is, in the first stanza abccba, in the second -dedded. There are five end rhymes as follow a. ? ndland, sand b. ? row, prow c. Ipleap, sleep d, It beach, scratch, match, each e, i? sappears, fears 2. Alliteration long-land in line 1the-that in line 3 fiery- from in line 4 pushing-prow in line 5 speed-slushy-sand in line 6 sea-scented in line 7 to-till and field-farm in line8 less-loud in line 11 than-the and two-to in line 12. 3. repeat And therepeats 3 times in the poem, and there are totally 8andin the poem. The repetition shows that the man is making long-time effort step by step to meet the woman, his lover.However, the effort is worthy since the man loves the woman and expects fiercely to see her, no matter its at night or at day. The leave off occurs at the close of a stanza, where it helps to establish meter, influence the mood of love, and add emphasis. With the usage of end rhyme, alliteration and repetition, the poem creates aesthetic pleasure and shows the feeling of the couple. b. graphical features The d escription of the scene on the sea and on the bay and about the meeting is vivid, elaborate and attracting.Through the different angles of vision (the gray sea,the long black land, the yellow half-moon, etc. ), auditognosis (two hearts beating, etc), olfaction (scented), the readers can just feel like being in the situation, and appreciating the charming of meeting at night. c. Lexical features The poem is relatively brief consist of simple specific concrete words, mainly adjectives and nouns, just like casual and gentle narration between lovers or dramatic monologue.There are 4 adjective words about color they aregray, black, yellow and blue, to make the scene at night vivid to the readers. The readers can clearly pick out that the meeting is at night. The beautiful scene symbolizes the wonderful mood of the couple. In line 6, words ofspeed, slushy, sandhave alliteration s for imitate the sound of the prow decreasing its speed and gently scrapping in the bay. d. Syntactic feature s All the sentences in the poem are statement just like dramatic monologue, what the author is very famous with.Many short sentences are linked into long sentences with devices of coordination with the usage ofand. There are totally 5 lines beginning withand. Coordination gives clauses equal syntactic status, and establish still mood. It seems that the man has met the woman at night many times, and gets very familiar with the process. e. Semantic features In first stanza, the author usesstartledandfieryinstead of affectandhot. The personification gives human form or feelings to the waves and ringlets, inanimate objects to show that the mans feeling is startled and fiery.In second stanza,tap, scratchandspurtare gentler, lovelier, and shorter in time thanknock, scrape, and spring. These words can vividly to describe the feeling of the couple. The man arrives at just outside of the house, and taps the glass with the love in his heart. When he is waiting for the appearance of the woman , he is very nervous and upset. The woman is also nervous and upset. After hearing the tap, she lights a match to lights the place and feels happy and fears to meet her lover.

John Locke Government Essay

Without a civil society, all rules of order begin to break down. At this point, there really is no society present. Rather, there is anarchy and an anarchistic society is not one where the populace can be reasonably cared for and protected. keister Locke puts forth many assessments in this regard. However, Locke overly understands that the current state of society pull up stakes often tactical maneuver a role in terms of how we move to it. In Richard II, we entertain a monarchy of a society that fails to be civil in a number of ways. Because of this, action is taken by certain members of the populace.This does effect questions regarding whether or not the actions of these characters in the play support or undermine the theories of butt Locke as they relate to the civil society. A closer examination of the play go away reveal answers in this regard. In the play, we see certain callous and decidedly not well thought out actions on the part of Richard II. In the early stages of the play, the king interferes in a dual between Bolingbroke and Mowbray. The former is banished for 6 years as a result of his actions with the latter is banished forever.This creates great displeasure among Mowbray and his followers while also setting the stage for the creation of a serious enemy. Such actions are further compounded when Richard appropriates all the land of legerdemain of Gaunt for himself when the character passes away. Are such(prenominal)(prenominal) actions those of a ruler that professes to oversee a civil society? A great many pedigrees can be made that such actions are hardly noble in their intent and action. At the core of Lockes writing is that there really is no such thing as a divinity among the kings that rule a particular land.In new(prenominal) words, kings are not divine beings that can impose their will on the populace in any way they see fit. There are various John Locke, Government, and RICHARD II Page 2 reasons why Locke promotes such a not ion. Firstly, he recognizes that kings are human beings and, hence, fallible as all humans are. This can lead to kings being self- answer as opposed to serving their subjects and the rule of law. When both of these components are ignored, the civil society breaks down. Also, it becomes impossible for proper governance to exist unless deep and serious thought is put forth towards the temperament and role of ruling.So, when a king puts forth the attitude that all things are good because of his divine will, society runs the risk of collapsing. Why is this so? Mainly, it is because no system of logic is being employed by the ruler. Rather, the king believes all things decreed correct because the king is infallible. This does little more than set the stage for the latch on of the kings rule as well as the collapse of the civil society. We can see this in RICHARD II in several ways. Richard slowly seems to lose his lay hold of (on on proper rule and becomes a self-serving entity.Durin g the events of the play, we learn that Richards kingdom is involved in a long, bitter, and protracted war with Ireland. As such, the regard for making proper and accurate decisions is a must. Poor decisions can undermine the effectiveness of the war effort which, in turn, can lead to a collapse of the kingdom. Early in the play, Richard is accused of not properly managing the war effort as evidenced by his personal appropriations of Gaunts wealth among other improprieties. This sets in motion the idea that he must be disposed as the ruler of the kingdom. John Locke, Government, and RICHARD II Pg 3While all rulers will be criticized at some point, the most stinging criticism would be that the leader does not hold the fabric of society together. Rather, he contributes to the collapse of society. An argument of these sorts can be made towards the rule of Richard II. Of great concern to Locke is the notion that the population has a right to secluded property and that any government or ruler that infringes on private property is little more than a tyranny. In the context of RICHARD II, there is a ruler that has no respect for private property as evidenced by his unlawful seizing of land and wealth.This poses the question when a king acts lawless, is there any law to the land? Locke also was an avowed believer in the notion that government must represent the will of the people. Those governments that do not provide for the populace in such a way will run the risk of being legitimately overthrown by the motivated members of the populace. We see such events played out in RICAHRD II in many different ways. Ultimately, all the actions of King Richard promote the notion that he does not serve his subject.Rather, he serves his own personal goals with little regard for the bearing and property of those he is entrusted to care for. One could say that RICHARD II truly does provide a clear interpretation of the problems with government detailed in John Lockes SECOND TREA TISE OF GOVERNMENT. As such, it would be safe to infer that Locke would hardly approve of the way Richard II rules. Considering the downfall of the king in the play, Richard II would have been better served had be been guided by Lockes philosophical approach to government.

What Is the Greenhouse Efect

* What is the greenhouse effect, and how does it work? The greenhouse effect is when the short wave lengths of visible light from the son pass through a transpargonnt medium. They are then absorbed but the longer wavelengths of the infrared re-radiation from the heated objects are unable to pass through that medium. The Greenhouse Effect is when in that respect are various gases in the gentle wind, such as carbon dioxide and even water vapor that traps the suns free energy, or heat, inside.When unable to escape the atmosphere the added solar energy results in warmer dividing line temperature, just like the glass in a greenhouse traps the energy from the sun and keeps your plants warm. Some greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are a good thing. It keeps the earth from freezing. Too much causes excessive temperatures and stronger storms. Also not all the greenhouse gas that we emit to the atmosphere rest there indefinitely. For example the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and the amo unt of CO2 dissolved in surface waters of the oceans stay in equilibrium, because the air and water mix well at the sea surface.Thus when we add more CO2 to the atmosphere, a proportion of it dissolves in the ocean. * What are the principal(prenominal) greenhouse gases? The main greenhouse gases are as followed carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases. Fluorinated gases are by far the most important greenhouse gases because of their strength or global warm potential. * What is the present level of atmospheric carbon dioxide? Why has carbon dioxide concentration risen since 1860? As of December 2012 our current atmospheric carbon dioxide level is at 394. 39ppm. There are several reasons the concentration has risen since 1860.Burning of coal, oil, and natural gas releases about 6 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere each category worldwide. Also logging and burning of the natural timberland contributes upwards of 2 billion tons annually since the trees are no longer able to chime in the carbon dioxide there for reducing the amount of carbon in the air. Over the same epoch period, agricultural and industrial practices have also substantially change magnitude the levels of other potent greenhouse gases methane concentrations have doubled and nitrous oxide levels have risen by about 15 percent. What are some predicted environmental change if carbon dioxide emissions are not reduced? When there is too much CO2 being admitted into our environment from burning fossil fuels, and cars. Add that to the fact that we are cutting down trees for paper it is imbalanced and now it has started to catch up with us with global warming. Because these gases are trapped in our atmosphere, they have more time to collect heat from our atmosphere and the sun thus making our climate increase in heat. This then triggers ice caps to melt and floods to occur.It also increases the risk for forest fires, Pole ward shift of temperate spec ies, increase death due to illness from the heat. Also possible environmental damages are increased exposure to infectious diseases such as malaria or dengue and respiratory disorders because of the interactions with pollutants. * In your analysis, how certain do we need to be about future predictions before acting on this problem? Based on the information I have gathered global warming is an issue that needs to be taken rattling seriously because it could severely impact the future of earth as we know it.It is also important to be sure about our future predictions because a amiss(p) move or a wrong prediction could make the global warming issue worse. We do however need to start moving forrader to try and solve the global warming issue. References hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/thermo/grnhse. html www. whatsyourimpact. eu. org/main-greenhouse-gases. php clinton5. nara. gov/Initiatives/Climate/greenhouse. html Done by Melissa McRoberts

Sociology: Marx, Weber & Feminist Theory

1. Classical Marxist theories have served as a springboard of consumption for a variety of modern-day theorists challenging the hold outing state of alliance and seeking amicable justness and a bewitching nine. Consequently, libber standpoint theories, theories that conciliate a fussy disposition, align with common themes strand end-to-end Marxist interpretations of society, with an emphasis on the ontogeny of soul schemas dependent upon the relationship between the soul and their scotch and profound conditions.Although the footing of the separation of and disparities between disseveres is applicable in womens rightist standpoint remains, womens liberationist theories contribute an entirely unorthodox dimension to the Eurocentric, masculinist findd sociological discuss about oppression gender. Marxs theories of society developed around what he considered an unfair and unjust society in which dickens sectionalisati wizs knowed, fit(p) by the coincide nce of birth, which Marx coined the bourgeois, the owners of the means of production, and the proletariat, the pay earning laborers who become alienated from their flex ascribable to friendly constraints.Marx gestated in historic materialism and split up exertion, demonstrating that the private ownership of the means of production enabled the bourgeois to master(prenominal)tain originator everywhere the larger, designer little proletariats who provided the labor for the means of production. As a repercussion of this disparity of power Marx reason loving and moral problems were inherent to a capitalist system, which forced competition and created unnecessary antagonisms, congenitally insulate the proletariat in their accessible position for generations.Feminist standpoint theories corroborate the pith of Marxs disposition regarding the mischief found in society, as it is ac friendshipd that at that place is a clear disparity of power in society among stratified h osts of mountain. Yet quite of focusing on the owner of the means of production versus the wage laborers or proletariats, womens rightist standpoint theories extend the argument to include the dimension of gender and emphasize the necessary of including feminist knows. match to feminist standpoint theories, the concrete realise of females and males is historically distinct, as they be required by society to play very different roles. Feminist theories build on Marxs standpoint of experience establish on loving class and include the systematic oppression in a society that devalues womens knowledge and experiences. One feminist standpoint theorist in wearicular demonstrated the subtile differences between standpoint theories and Marxs theories on society.Patricia Hill Collins matrix of domination possibleness agrees that there is a top-down power campaign in society that forces and controls un bequeathing victims, yet as well n 1s that an separate has the ability to b e the oppressor, a member of an crush group or both simultaneously, citing gender and class as variables of oppression. Collins continues to purport that it is the oppressed or coadjutor individuals and groups in society who possess the most(prenominal) comprehensive cordial knowledge of power mental synthesiss and their affects on these individuals and groups due to their neighborly positions.Marx sought substitute in society and attempted to inspire a revolution amongst the proletariat, with an oerthrow of the capitalist system. Collins seeks to gain the struggle with a much complex perspective, contributing the observation that people simultaneously experience and resist oppression, implying that there is more(prenominal)(prenominal) control in the hands of the oppressed than what was formerly thought. Just as Marx challenged the capitalist system, feminist standpoint system further challenges the existing male-biased conventional knowledge.In both theories there exi sts the importation that the experiences of individuals is mold by their neighborly position, and a hierarchy of power relations exists among those who have and those who have not, or the oppressor and the oppressed. However, although Marxs theories on society and feminist standpoint theories shargon the emphasis on individual experience macrocosm shaped by hearty position, Marx centre on class from an economic standpoint while feminist theory added to the discussion of accessible sleaziness by incorporating a spick-and-span dimension, gender.While Marx was more kindle in affable justice for the proletariat, feminist standpoint theory extended this friendly justice to include the day to day concrete experiences of females with respect to their different knowledge of the cosmos, as well as various other subordinate word groups whose perspectives argon often go away out of the discourse on society. In conclusion, the comprehensive discussion of class relations that has b een on t cardinal ending for centuries has continued to evolve over time and space, xtending the plans of social justice and a fair society to various subordinate groups. I support Marxs theories of society serving as a signifi freightert platform for the descending schools of thought to build off of, with sh ared oddments of social justice and a fair society. The differences can be attributed to the historical context of the development of these theories, with the discourse of sociology seen as an ongoing continuum.Sociological implications are inspirational, as it has been seen that indoors the discussion of social justice subordinate groups are gaining attention and credibility, and I study it can be concluded that because of this criticism of the veridical state of society, society has begun to improve. With the emersion of Marxist invigorate feminist standpoint theory in the middle of the 20th century, womens experiences have been declared and meliorate because of the ir visibility in academic discourse.I support the Marxist call for an examination of subordination in the existent social structure, accompanied by feminist standpoint theories that extend to include all subordinate groups that struggle with social constraints. 2. The structure of the judges of science and knowledge provided by Foucault parallel the central designs and arguments found in the feminist critiques of science and positivism, yet the focus of topics are differentiated along gender lines and the avocation for the origins of truth, or the credence that truth it ego is athletic fieldive.Both Foucault and feminist critiques share a common theme of mistrust of authoritative power, and the social injustice stemming from this authoritative power. As a post-positivist philosopher with an interest in power relations and the ability of power to dominate western culture, Foucault offers criticisms of science and knowledge rooted in the distrust he retained for the development s of science representing better reference and authority.Foucault emphasized the quest to discover the roots of truth values in the social context of science but rejected an account of science as ideological and argued that the discourse of scientific knowledge is constraining of what scientists themselves can see, but more significantly is productive and enabling for the production and solving of problems, the reflexion of data, and indeed the production of new knowledge to be interpreted widely s valid, or common truth. For post- forward-lookingists, much(prenominal) as Foucault, science is nothing more than an allegation derived from subjective tastes, or a social construction. Feminist theorists corroborate this belief and interpret the power and injustice stemming from science with a different sociological perspective, a female standpoint.Feminist theorists believe mainstream science is a product of a patriarchy, and despite world visualized as universal, value-free and neutral in its pursuit of truth or knowledge deemed valuable for all, it is actually organize in a way that systematically oppresses and harms women found on their gender. Feminists believe that the production of knowledge is a social activity, embedded in a certain culture and worldview, echoing the social construction of knowledge purported by Foucault.Feminist critics of science have noted that Western science, as it has developed since the sense, is determined by governmental, economic and social conditions, which are based on a patriarchal ramble. Feminists go on to note that women themselves were left out of the development of science, and as a consequence of creation sensed as closer to reputation than men with respect to their capacity for feelings and emotions, were ruled out as unfit for reasoning abilities.Foucaults main concern byout his tonetime of publications revolved around the relationship between power and knowledge, and how one bear upon the other. Cit ing Nietzsches considerations of a will to power motivating gentlemans gentleman behavior with the declining of traditional values losing power over society is built upon by Foucaults further analysis of knowledge ceasing to be liberating and or else becoming a mode of sur suppresslance, regulation, and discipline. Foucault too argued that power itself creates new objects of knowledge and accumulates new bodies of information.The feminist critiques on positivism shares common characteristics with Foucaults critical theories of science and knowledge, as feminists tend to adopt an anti-positivist, anti-science position due largely to the male dominated social science research. Despite positivist views put forth by such classical theorists as Emile Durkheim, supporting the necessity of objectivity in research, feminist critiques argue for subjectivity. According to feminist critique, male social science researchers likeDurkheim claimed objectivity by citing non-involvement in soc ial problems, enabling them to distance themselves from their human subjects of research and omitting their research goals, as well as claimed scientific truth for their theories by imitating quantitative methods of the natural sciences. In an effort to parallel the natural sciences with sociology, furthering the notion that science is in circumstance objective, Durkheim conducted a study on suicide and metric it using the scientific method and quantifiable observations.The feminist criticism notes the results of paralleling the natural sciences with sociology were often blatantly untrue and biased against women, with science and social science being manipulated to harm women, for example by inadvertenceing to separate equal value of their experiences with that of their male counter move. Most significantly, feminist critique argues the pursuit of objectivity in science and the pursuit of truth are impossible, and by pretending that they are possible the scientific community is d eceiving the public.In conclusion, feminist critiques of science and positivism are directly paralleled with the opinions found in Foucaults critiques of science and knowledge. In both instances, I support the arguments that center on the need to beneathstand the ambiguity and cultural context of the notion of universal truth and for scientific and social research to be sensitive to the dangers of objectivity regarding such truth. I believe the scientific approach is useful but mislead as subjectivity is inherent in the search for truth and knowledge.These critiques have significant sociological implications as the existing state of male-centered scientific research is being challenged in a way that will be productive for the various sub-groups within society, particularly along gender lines. 3. The concept of modernity generally refers to a post-feudal historical period that is characterized by the move away from feudalism and toward capitalism, accompanied by all of the thumb effects initiated by capitalism, such as the industrialization and secularization of society that is noteed and controlled through with(predicate) abundant surveillance. Modernity ocuses on the affects that the rise of capitalism has had on social relations, and notes Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max weber as prestigious theorists commenting on this phenomenon. For the purposes of this assignment, I will be focusing on the concepts and analyses of Marx and weber. Karl Marx is perhaps the first in a series of late 19th and early 20th century theorists who initiated the call for an empirical approach to social science, theorizing about the rise of modernity accompanied by the simultaneous decline in traditional societies and advocating for a alternate in the means of production in order to enable social justice.Marxs analysis of modernity reveals his conceptualization of modern society as being dictated by the rapid overture of productive forces of modern industry, and the cor responding relationships of production between the capitalist and the wage laborers. In addition, Marx also examined the concept of class interest, which seeks to further the life of capitalism as those individuals or groups who have power pee-pee to bind this power at the despair of the subordinate, socially powerless individuals and groups.The rapid advancement of major innovations after the Enlightenment period known as modernity stood in stark contrast to the incremental development of plane the most complex pre-modern societies, which saw productive forces developing at a much slower pace, over hundreds or thousands of years as compared to modern times, with swift growth and change. This alarming contrast fascinated Marx who t huntd the spawning of modern capitalism in the Communist Manifesto, citing this record speed as the heat which generated the human beings of the global air division of labor and a greater variety of productive forces than to each onetime before. ul timately, Marxs approach is best known as an effort to come to terms with the unprecedentedly rapid development of the new capitalist world and the of import development and varyation of social constraints. Marx concluded that modernity was a social construction of mankind, and as a creation of mankind, mankind could reverse it and with the public class-consciousness acknowledging this rule, revolution, followed by utopia, was inescapable. In contrast, Max Weber found that social life did not evolve according to his rule, and, unlike Marx, Weber did not anticipate a unambiguous end of modernity but or else viewed modernity and the outlook of mankind as an open query, with an resolution impossible to predict. Webers disposition on modernity transformed modern society into a metaphorical iron cage. The iron cage represents societys entanglement with the modern, mechanized transformation of society initially thought to be controllable, with the ability to detangle itself from the machines at any time, like a cloak that can be removed.throughout history, however, Marx notes that this entanglement has become permanent and the individual has been locked in a cage by a modern society, with the implementation of more social control manifest in excessive bureaucracy. Karl Marx and Max Weber have made significant contributions to the field of sociology, and I support both theorists in their arguments. I believe that Marx was correct in regards to his conceptualization of the social structure being of mans creation and therefore within the realm of change under the direction of man. However I believe that limitations exist in the idealistic nature of his utopian dream.Maintaining a utopian objective as the goal of social change exposes the inherently distorted analysis of sociological phenomenon, as there is neglect of examining social issues from a little, free-and-easy orientation course essentially proving the existence of a Eurocentric male bias historicall y found within the study of sociology. I also agree with Webers connection between the Protestant sketch ethic and the consequent rise of capitalism as is found in his work out The Protestant get Ethic, which implicates religion as the engine that enabled the rapid development of capitalism.However I find limitations with the primacy placed on the sour of religion as the sole engine for capitalism. Marx and Weber lived and worked in a distinctive academic moment in time, after theological persuasive power had declined and while sociological analysis maintained a fresh outlook on classical theories. During this moment in time Marx and Weber also experienced the rapid transformation of society dictated by modern forces, which would stoop their focus and work.Marx and Weber, whos work has been critiqued and contributed to by future theorists as society continues to rapidly transform into a fully mechanized, technologically dependent society, holds sociological implications in the theorists whose work has been processd by their analysis of modernity. 4. The Marxist perspective on work and capitalism is paralleled in some ways with Max Webers perspective on these issues, with perspicacious differences stemming from the condition of capitalism.For Marx, the theory of historical materialism held that all human institutions, including religion, were based on economic mental hospitals, with the implication that the economic foundations came first. In contrast, Webers The Protestant Ethic challenges this assertion and instead implicates a sacred movement as responsible for fostering capitalism, yet doesnt fully discount the theories of Marx. According to Marx, it is historical materialism that fuels the engine of society.Historical materialism examines the causes of developments and changes in human society in regards to the collective production of life necessities, with non-economic characteristics of society, such as religious ideologies, seen as a reperc ussion of its economic activity. The emphasis on material objects, or commodities, during the newly mechanized time period influenced the construction of a labor class that performed activities that were gratis(p) from their personalized identities.As private ownership over the means of production reduces the role of the worker to that of a roll in a machine, as Marx astutely determined, the worker becomes an expendable object that performs routinzed tasks. For Marx, working simply for bills, in shopping centre seen as a means to an end, and neglecting the creative potential for labor itself was analogous to selling ones soul. Weber, on the other hand, did not fully discount Marxs theories but added to them and incidentally sparked a conversation that has become a historically significant and enduring sociological debate.Weber proposed that ideology fostered capitalism, in part resulting from the absence of assurances from religious authorities. Weber argued that Protestants be gan to look for other signs that they were save, and, spurred on by Calvinist ideas of predestination, in which individuals identify their central duty to prove their salvation accompanied by the rejection of having too much wealth, capitalism prospered. basically self-confidence replaced the priestly assurance of Gods kindness, and a way for this self-confidence to anifest itself and be measured was with mercenary success, and profit became a visible blessing from God that enabled followers to feel confidence that they were going to heaven. This enthusiasm toward achieving self-confidence through the production of profits encapsulates the Spirit of Capitalism, and it was within this spirit that capitalism flourished. Weber described a paradox regarding this Protestant work ethic.On the one hand, Protestants desperately sought the accumulation of worldly wealth in an attempt to give them self-confidence that God has chosen them and they will be disposed(p) salvation. However, on the other hand, Protestants were also incomprehensiblely passionate about frivolous purchasing of luxuries being perceived as a sin, accompanied by complex limitations for extricating the money. In order to resolve this paradox the money was invested, giving life to the class distinctions along the lines of those who possess, and those who do not.Adam Smith paved the way for this phenomenon of investment and class divergence, citing the existence of those who work hard and those who do not, and that over time those who work hard and can be motivated will accumulate wealth. I applaud Webers divinatory surfacing of the mockery of the Protestant work ethic, which views ideology as being composed of the need to be posthumously saved through their religion, and yet this motivational work ethic would inspire the distribution of excessive earnings to maintain their religious ideals, spawning and encouraging capitalism.Marxist perspectives are limited by the need for further examination of the causes and continuations of capitalism throughout the current state of society, particularly with respect to the rapid transformation and globalization of the economy. If further analysis reveals the causation of capitalism and the structure that continues to keep it running, then it may reveal implications that mankind can control the economic and social conditions of humanity. With the appropriate critiques of capitalism in a contemporary society there may be a potential for social justice. . Social action and interaction can be explained in a number of ways, and in the field of sociology exists two major theoretical orientations that aim to discover whether the hierarchy of influence between individuals and society is macro, with society influencing the individual, or micro, with the individual influencing society. Herbert Blumers interpretation of symbolic interactionism demonstrates the process of interaction from a micro perspective, demonstrated in the formation of c onveys for individuals.As John Dewey influenced Blumer, Blumer believed human beings are best silent in relation to their environment and used this concept as inspiration for the study of human group life and conduct. Blumer outlines his micro theory of symbolic interactionsim with three central principles. The first principle, meaning, states that humans act toward people and things, based upon the meanings they have given to those people or things, and meaning is a central influence on human behavior. The second principle regards language as a means by which to negotiate through symbols.According to Blumer, it is by engaging in acts of speech with other individuals that humans come to identify meaning, enabling the development of discourse. The third and final principle is thought, which is based on language, and is a mental representation of conversation or dialogue, requiring role taking and imagining different points of view. Essentially, Blumer supported the micro perspective of individuals influencing society because he believed the language and meaning of language explains social action. In contrast, Talcott Parsons macro approach to social action and interaction reveals a different conclusion.Parsons developed the theory of functionalism, which serves as a framework that views society as a complex system, whose parts work together in order to promote stability and solidarity. Parsons approach views society with a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole, adopting a macro orientation to social action. Looking simultaneously at social structure and social functions, the theory of functionalism tackles society as a whole in terms of the functions that compose elements. These elements mostly include norms, traditions, customs and institutions.For example, it is like the human body the individual parts work together for the functioning of the body as a whole. Functionalists such as Parsons support the notion that a social role is created due to the repetition of behaviors in interactions with the financial backing of expectations. The role that is created is defined by Parsons as the regular, repetition of participation in concrete social interactions with particular proposition role-partners. Eventually, Parsons concept of roles was formed into a collective definition that is functional as they assist society in servicing and satisfying its functional needs, enabling society to run smoothly.I support both Blumers micro level orientation as well as Parsons macro orientated theoretical arguments in that they acknowledge the capabilities of the individual and the adaptability of society, implicating a dialogue between the two entities. However I believe limitations exist in that both theorists place primacy of one orientation over the other, and as a result are neglecting a holistic approach. Research fountainheads that have emerged from functionalist theories add new depth and dimension to the basic concep t of functionalism.For instance, rising theorists have inquired about functionalists list to see only the benefits of various institutional relationships brought to society, posing the question of whether or not institutions can be oppressive and exploitative. Further emergent research questions address whether or not social institutions create social constraints, and controversially ponder why anything should change if it is already functional to society. Ultimately this discourse inspires sociological thought to continue developing and evolving over time. 6.Traditionally, theorists and theories that generally support one of two orientations have dominated the discipline of sociology. The first orientation is regarded as a macro-perspective, with an analysis of society focused on the larger overall structure of society, placing an emphasis on social systems and institutions, or structure, and the ensuing tendency for the structure to dominate the individual. The second orientatio n can be described as a zoomed in image of society, with a focus on the every day individual and group interactions, with the implication that the individual is being dominated by the structure of society.It is through these two distinct lenses that sociologists have contributed to the larger discourse regarding social justice and equality, yet the disconnect manifests in the perceptive cohesion of these two orientations. Contemporary sociologists, such as Anthony Giddens theory of structuration and the authority theory in feminist thought, have sparked a revolution in sociological thought with the unorthodox notion that the actor, or individual, and the agency, the structure, are in fact of equal primacy, and represent a duality rather than a hierarchy.In addition to bringing this connection to the surface of sociological discourse, many contemporary theorists theories are challenging the limitations of solely using one orientation in the effort to sleep humanitys understanding that individuals posses the will to maintain social relations based on the comprehension of power, social reproduction, and institutional constraints. Giddens developed the theory of structuration, and, like many other contemporary theorists like Pierre Bourdieu, the theory supports the integration of macro and micro orientations.The structuration theory centers on the consensual duality of structure and agency, where the agent and the structure intersect, arguing that they are a dichotomy where one wouldnt exist without the other. Giddens argues that the individual, or agency, is essentially responsible for their surroundings as they are reflexive and possess the ability to adapt to the ever-changing social structures and institutions, which also adapt to the individuals behavior, creating an ongoing dialogue between the two entities.The argument for a rejection of primacy between the agency and structure includes the objective of literal social change that can result from social s cientific knowledge of society. Giddens continues to argue that it is the individuals motives that dictate the larger plan of action and the routinized practices determine what the action will manifest as. According to this logic Giddens proposes that individuals therefore have the ability to change their actions, which produce unintended and inevitable consequences, influencing future actions.Giddens critiques sociologists for placing too much emphasis on the constraints of social structure when he believes it is only through this activity of the individual agent that structure, or rules and resources, can exist at all. In fact, Giddens purports that a social structure or system is composed of a fasten of produced and reproduced relations between agents. It is this belief in the duality of agency and structure, as well as the desire to alter the discourse to ncorporate an integrated orientation rather than independent orientations, that Giddens has significantly contributed to the discussion and debate of macro and micro orientations, citing the inability for one to exist without the other. Despite criticism of structuration as inadequate, Giddens work continues to influence and inspire contemporary social thought.Feminist thought and the empowerment theory takes an additional step back from sociological discourse to evaluate the misconception of objectivity found in Eurocentric, male dominated standpoints and argue for the need to take a subjective perspective in order to achieve any social change. Additionally, feminist thought advocates for the integration of orientations to examine the individuals experience as equivalent, or dualistic, with the social structure in which the individual plays an active role in shaping.It is also deemed necessary that the interrelationships between the individual, groups and society are examined from a subjective, integrated orientation in order to withstand the leap from social theory to social practice. According to fem inist thought, by making the previously personal world of the individual political the barrier between the individual and society is broken down and lays the foundation for individuals to influence and experience social change.The empowerment theory suggests that production and maintenance of society is dependent upon the individuals who are socially considered undesirable, casting these occupations as invisible in society and, accompanied by a societal ideology that lacks public appreciation for these occupations, the undesirable individuals also believe their work is invisible, revealing the distortion of societal components. It is within feminist thought that the empowerment theory extends not only to women, but any subordinate, oppressed group or individual within the larger society.This emerging connection between the personal and political identity parallels Giddens support of integrating the macro and micro orientations in order to achieve any significant social change, and I support both approaches. I believe that with the integration of the orientations true social change can be achieved, and that further examination of the intersection between agency and structure can upraise the limitations of past sociological thought. By creating and maintaining a boundary between these two worlds and rejecting the notion of a duality, a cognitive dissonance will continue to remain in the lives of oppressed and arginalized individuals without any hope for societal change. Contemporary sociologists must continue to transcend this boundary, accepting the inherent subjectivity found in any social science and focusing on fostering a productive sociological discourse with the goal of social justice. As Marx a stoutly stated in the mid-19th century, philosophers have only interpreted the world the point, however, is to change it. 7. As the molar concentration theory is considered the most abstract level of sociological theory, the initial intentions of such a theory a re discussed in an abstract, idealistic way.Grand Theory, a term created by American sociologist C. Wright Mills, refers to the mouthful for formal organization and the arrangement of concepts over understanding the social world. The concept of an overarching, sublime sociological theory can be applicable in an idealistic setting, where each diverse aspect of society is equitably dealt with and examined to formulate widely legitimate conclusions about the world. However, the emphasis tends to focus on concepts that are generally sharp from the concrete, every day realities of societal life.I believe that an adapted version of a grand theory in sociology is necessary to the extent that it has the ability to provide a structured framework in an otherwise fantastically complex social world. However, I also believe the grand theory should not be accepted as universal but instead should be considered a continuous work in jump on that is added to over time as traditionally invisible issues continue to surface, creating multiple new dimensions of potential thought. Throughout sociological history the theoretical supporters and critics of a grand theory have been numerous.Karl Marxs Historical Materialism, Anthony Giddens The juggernaut of Modernity, and Talcott Parsons Actions Theory each offer various uses and perspectives of grand theory concepts. The evolution of the concept of a grand theory can be seen throughout these noteworthy theorists work. For example, Marxs work with the grand theory of historical materialism put forth a streamlined argument that stated economic relations were the foundation of social structure, regardless of any other variable.Embedded in this theory is the idea of an overarching, universal definition of social structure contingent solely upon economic and material relations. This revolutionary idea may have been appropriate in the historical context of the theory, yet weaknesses in the universal concept of a grand theory appear in the absence of any other variable which undoubtedly pushed the social structure of Marxs time.Anthony Giddens uses the concept of a grand theory to examine modernity, differentiating from the streamlined definition of society as purported by Marx by including a complex assortment of variables, which contribute to modernity. Giddens relates modernity to an overpowering force that transcends everything in its path with the implication that it is uncontrollable. Giddens also suggests that the overpowering force of modernity is dynamic, with the consequences of actions unforeseeable and uncontrollable, yet it manages to adjust based on reflexive actions, creating new societal problems in the process.Overall, Giddens interpretation of grand theory offers a more complex framework for analyzing society in modernity, yet it is left open ended as Giddens anticipates the creation of a new slew of issues that will plague society based on the adjustments made from previous issues. Talcott Pars ons is credited with the continuing the quest toward the theoretical evolutionary development of structural functionalism and launch what can be defined as a grand theory of action systems, despite the fact that Parsons himself declined to identify it as a grand theory.Parsons contributes to the discussion of grand theories in that he expanded the theory to consist of influence from various disciplines aside from sociology, including psychological, economical, political and religious components. Parsons also connected the concepts of motives as part of our actions, and determined that social science must take ends, purposes and ideals into consideration when creating a grand theory. Parsons attempted to integrate all of the social sciences within an overarching, grand theoretical framework that aimed to include aspects of both macro and micro orientations.Tracing the evolution of the concept of a grand theory reveals the irony rooted in the quest for such a grand theory, which is t hat despite attempts to create universal truths regarding society independent of time and space, such independence is not possible. Marx, Giddens and Parsons each lived in their own, slightly different time periods and as a result one can line up the variations in their concepts of grand theories.I believe that the evolution of a grand theory is a continuous one with no particular end, because as Giddens suggested, the flexibility of society to adapt to societal issues in turn creates new societal issues, suggesting the permanence of such an analytical cycle. 8. Among Emile Durkheims plethora of contributions to sociological theory emerges an unorthodox, evolutionary approach, which considered society to be like an organism, distinguishing two central characteristics as structure and function. Durkheims contributions also include share establish and define the field of sociology as an academic order.Durkheim expanded the limitations of the study of sociology when he argued that soc iologists should study particular features of collective, or group, life. He suggested that society exists independently of the individuals in it, as societies influence individuals through established norms, sentiments, and social facts. Durkheim contributed the inquiry of study regarding modern society and its ability to remain cohesive despite the individualism and self-sufficiency of each person, as well as the study of social facts representing features of the group that cannot be examined independently of every the collective or the individual.Emile Durkheims writings are recognized for forming the foundation of functionalist thought, which remains among the oldest and most overriding theoretical perspectives in the study of sociology. The foundations of functionalism center on two categories the individual organism and society being seen as analogous, and the examination of the objective social world with the application of the scientific method.Durkheim was one of the firs t sociologists to entertain use of scientific and statistical data to conduct sociological research, such as with his famous work Suicide, using real data to examine the phenomenon of suicide among religious groups. By incorporating the scientific method as a central method of research, Durkheim implicitly contributed the assertion that the social world can be analyze in the same ways as the physical world. Regarding Durkheims relation to structuralism, he was concerned with the question of how particular societies are able to maintain stability internally and are capable of survival over time.Durkheim discussed structuralism in two variations, with the first referring to the pre-industrial societies that were structured on equivalent parts connected by shared values, and the second referring to more complex post-industrial societies that are connected through specialization and strong interdependence. The essence of Durkheims relation to structuralism and functionalism is the conc ept of the whole being greater than the sum of its parts, with society being greater than the individuals.Talcott Parsons offers a contemporary perspective on the concepts of structuralism and builds on Durkheims interpretation by discussing structuralism as a framework to examine society as a complex system whose parts work together in order to promote solidarity and stability. The focus on Parsons work is on the social structures that shape society as a whole, determining that each individual has a set of expectations based on others actions and reactions to that individuals own behavior.Parsons also contributes the idea of the role, established through the repetition of behaviors and interactions dictated by social structure and that become recognized as normal. This concept of roles evolved into the groups of roles that harmonize each other and ultimately fulfill functions for society, in the sense that they assist society in operating and running smoothly. In conclusion, the co ncepts put forth by the theories of functionalism and structuralism has had a significant impact on the study of sociology.Durkheim utilized the scientific method, and for this leap to a parallel with the natural sciences and hence more validity I am in support. However, Durkheims scientific method was perceived from an inherently Eurocentric male standpoint, and consequently produced misleading results. Emile Durkheim is ascribed with forming the foundation of thought in the functionalist orientation, and continued to attempt revolutions in sociological thought throughout his lifes work. Talcott Parsons is one of many contemporary theorists who have built upon Durkheims original theory y contributing contemporary rationalizations and have enhanced the sociological discussion regarding the macro evaluation of a modern functioning society. I support Parsons concept of social roles that are dictated on social expectations and are controlled by social structure, yet I find limitations in the neglect of an analysis of the social roles for subordinate individuals and groups, and without this analysis social justice will remain an idealistic theory. 9. The theoretical contributions and approaches of sociological theorists such as W.E. B. Du Bois and Patricia Hill Collins are significant in the conversation of sociological history as they take the unorthodox approach of delving into the perception of historically invisible issues regarding race and gender. For instance, Du Bois approaches the subject of race that centers on describing and explaining the actual, instead of theoretical, daily life conditions of African Americans, such as the threat of racially motivated violence like lynching, and the psychological damage of being separate but equal under Jim Crow laws.This brought a clearness of vision of specific phenomenon to the sociological conversation, with a focus on race, and an reference work to any colored group that has experienced Eurocentric imperialism. In regards to racism, Du Bois granted the primary responsibility of the social construction of racism on capitalism, and Du Bois was sympathetic to socialist causes throughout his work. Du Bois utilized deductive analysis, accompanied by empirical observation, to examine the experience of African Americans throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.Du Bois was primarily focused on variables that had been ignored by his sociological predecessors with particular attention paid to the intersection of race and class. He was interested in how the intersection of these variables contributes to broader cultural patterns dictating the stratification of individuals along lines of race and class and the shaping of individuals perceptions and experiences. Du Bois offers his conceptualization of race in comparing the variety of races around the world, with the U. S. housing two of the most extreme examples of race on the planet.As a result, the concept of the double consciousness exists, as Africa n Americans may ask themselves on daily occasions what identity is truly theirs. For instance, one might ask, am I American or am I obtuse? Can I be both? Does being dour give me more of an obligation to assert my nationality than European immigrants would? Further, the double consciousness is the sense of otherness that prevents this uniform sense of self in accordance with the American image and produces a sense of two-ness, both American and black.In addition, Du Bois concept of the veil represents the distance that is felt socially between people of separate races, most significantly keeping the less dominant group, blacks, out of the dominant groups, white, world. Patricia Hill Collins continues to build on the concepts highlighted by Du Bois work, and instead of extending his conversation about race and class Collins adopts an unconventional method of examining the intersection of race and gender.Collins emphasizes the specific experiences of black women as intersecting cate gories of oppression, with the goal of extending the discourse into other oppressed individuals and social groups. Collins theorizes that black women stand at the focal point where two historically powerful systems of oppression meet gender and race, focusing on black women as outsiders within the larger, white male dominated society. According to Collins, by acknowledging this intersection of oppression, the possibility to see into other social injustices.Collins identifies three aspects of every day life in which black women are affected by and manage their race and definitions of identity in the greater American culture. These three aspects are known as safe spaces where black women are able to articulate their thoughts and feelings without the social pressure of mainstream society, which creates the double consciousness experienced by racial divide. The creation of the safe space is essential for the survival of oppressed groups, as they provide a unique place away from the ruli ng ideologies.For instance, one safe space for black women is in their relationships with each other. By empowering themselves in their own relationships, black women are able to help each other learn the knowledge to survive. Other safe spaces include black womens blues traditions, followed by black female literature and poetry. Through these art forms, black women are able to approach the concepts of social injustice in a non-threatening manner.Collins also adds that groups must identify themselves, instead of letting other identify them. In conclusion, W. E. B. Du Bois and Patricia Hill Collins have made significant contributions to the sociological discussion of social injustice by forcing the issues of racial, class, and gender inequalities to the surface of social discourse. I find the work of Collins to be an extension of what Du Bois began, and I support the shared goal for both theorists in their quest for social justice for all subordinate groups.In fact, I believe that th e combination of work from Du Bois and Collins epitomizes the essence of micro sociology, as they are able to articulate the invisible yet powerful social constraints that subordinate individuals and groups experience, and represents a transcendence of sociological thought above Eurocentric male standpoints. Their work has left deep impressions on current and future sociological theorists and essentially opened the door for the study of other socially oppressed groups.