Adapting to Modern Society Free Essays

Adjusting to Modern Times Today, there are different radio broadcasts that are communicated all through Tanzania. Notwithstanding, from the 1950s until the mid-1990s, Radio Tanzania was the country’s sole station, comprising of music, verse, show, and talks. There are as of now in excess of 15,000 reels of these tapes that are perched on the racks of the BBC working in Dar es Salaam. We will compose a custom paper test on Adjusting to Modern Society or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Restoring the Radio Tanzania Archives is a venture that has an objective of digitizing and saving these tapes before they are wrecked. All through perusing the booklet by the Heritage Project and in the wake of tuning in to the NPR fragment, I saw a typical subject of indigenization of innovation. I contend that the venture is utilizing present day innovation so as to protect conventional ways. This theme has likewise been a significant idea of the papers by Christen and Hodgson. So as to arrive at their objective, the individuals of the Tanzania Heritage venture must utilize current information to change over the reel tapes into advanced material. At the point when they can make this change, they will be representing the demonstration of utilizing present day routes so as to safeguard conventions. The customs that they are saving allude to the history that is installed in the types of media that were communicated on the radio. As indicated by the Heritage Project, Radio Tanzania was â€Å"both a key instrument of the state and open help, utilized as an apparatus for advancing solidarity and national pride through music† (booklet:8). The Radio spoke to something beyond amusement, it was engaged with legislative issues, and social relations also. In the NPR fragment, they express that the Radio was carefully Tanzanian, a station that was sung by and for the Tanzanian individuals. The station speaks to the virtue of the Tanzanians without the impact from different foundations. In repeating these tapes through digitization, individuals from every single diverse piece of the world will have the option to encounter a piece of the Tanzanian past. The rebuilding of them permits the Tanzanian convention to live on uncertainly. Another significant worry for the Heritage Project is for the people in the future of Tanzania. The prime supporter, Benson Rukantabula, trusts that â€Å"If we digitize the documents, they (more youthful age) can know where they lost their way†(booklet:13). By utilizing the cutting edge innovation to save the files, the venture would like to rouse people in the future to make music dependent on conventional qualities. Ruler Kiki, one of the legends of the Radio Tanzania period, despite everything plays to sold-out groups week by week. Another craftsman of the radio, John Kitime likewise keeps on playing live shows all through Tanzania. The way that both of these men are as yet playing to live crowd means how significant the music despite everything is. This sort of music is otherwise called Swahili Jazz music, and it was the most famous type of Tanzanian music from the 1960s until the mid-1990s. One significant component of this kind of music, as indicated by the fellow benefactor of the Tanzanian Heritage Project, is that you don't need to know the Swahili language to value the music. The venture has confidence in the all inclusiveness of music, and how it crosses social boundaries. On the off chance that a greater amount of this music was accessible for individuals, at that point individuals would normally start to perceive the conventional rhythms and songs of Tanzanian history. The communicate of this music would build the impact of customary Tanzanian culture around the world. The smaller plate of the Warumungu ladies is likewise a case of the indigenization of innovation. The recorded melodies characterize Warumungu women’s genealogical relations, their progressing network status, and their proceeded with connection to explicit arrangements of country† (Christen:417). It is just with the reduced circle, which is the result of present day society, that they can spread this music and their conventions globally. To show the objective of coming to outside societies, there is a supplement that incorporates both English and Warumungu, in which the ladies voice their conventions, and disclose their choice to place the circle into dissemination. This addition gives a long history to the peruser, and permits them an inside point of view of Warumungu history. Alongside communicating broadly, this music is likewise perceived locally, and it is a focal objective of the Warumungu ladies to make another age of â€Å"red-orcher ladies. † The plate was a significant wellspring of security for the Warumungu ladies, to guarantee them that their more youthful age would perceive and see their ancestor’s customs. Notwithstanding the women’s want to demonstrate their conventions to outside societies and to their own more youthful age, they were likewise mindful of the financial advantage that the plate had for them. Nappanangka, a senior Warumungu ladies said that her â€Å"expectation is that the minimized disc’s course will expand her capacity as a ‘red-orcher woman’ while additionally helping her compensation for another Toyota Land Cruiser† (Christen:424). With the achievement of the reduced plate, the ladies were seeking after acknowledgment just as some monetary advantage; the two of which would support their general public. All in all, the Warumungu ladies utilized the minimized circle so as to ensure their people in the future and to save their own traditions. The Maasai culture has encountered fast change since its commencement. Before, the Maasai culture was disregarded due to its crude ways. As of late, since the travel industry has become a critical business, the Tanzanian country state authorities have started to perceive the Maasai, and utilize their real way of life to draw in sightseers. The Maasai have utilized this acknowledgment â€Å"to their own favorable position, connecting current endeavors to secure their properties and vocations and access improvement assets to worldwide battles for the privileges of indigenous peoples†(Hodgson:135). Their social way of life is being saved because of the advanced topic of the travel industry. Moreover, the Maasai culture has encountered a moving of jobs of masculinities over numerous years. Generally, the Maasai culture has been related with pastoralism and a predominant warrior-like manliness. Previously, when a Maasai embraced certain types of advancement, they were called â€Å"Ormeek†, which was related with shortcoming and numbness. Notwithstanding, the word Ormeek now takes on a progressively positive significance and is esteemed and regarded. The vast majority of the Maasai people group has discovered that training is a key to the future, and Maasai men â€Å"want to instruct the entirety of their youngsters with the goal that they can get by in what they see as a quickly evolving world† (Hodgson:140). With this training, the Maasai can land positions in the administration, and can have a voice for the Maasai individuals. The more seasoned age relies upon the more youthful age to deal with them, in light of the extraordinary force that training has in their general public. Be that as it may, in spite of the fact that they are embracing these new ways, a considerable lot of the Maasai individuals keep on fusing conventional ways into their day by day schedules. The social relations of the Maasai culture have essentially continued as before, despite the fact that instruction has been a key segment that has been included. All in all, while adjusting to current ways, the Maasai culture has still kept up a considerable lot of their customary qualities, while likewise utilizing freshly discovered types of instruction to give new headways to their way of life. Restoring the Radio Tanzania Archives is a task with an objective much like that of the Warumungu ladies. In spite of the fact that the world is propelling, they are attempting to protect their customs, and make them accessible around the world. They would prefer not to lose beneficiary past because of evolving society; they need to reproduce it so it can support people in the future and move them. The Maasai additionally perceive that they are living in an evolving world, and they are starting to utilize new types of training so as to elevate their way of life to outcasts. Each of the thre e bits of work share a shared characteristic of attempting to save customary methods by utilizing present day innovation. Despite the fact that they know their general surroundings is flighty, they are not prepared to overlook their conventions, and step in accordance with present day times totally. They will utilize current methods so as to safeguard the conventions that they wish to ensure. The most effective method to refer to Adapting to Modern Society, Essay models

Romeo and Juliet Journal Act 2 free essay sample

From the earliest starting point of the play the crowd is cautioned that Romeo and Juliet’s love won't end well. There is a lot of proof in Act II that foretells the lover’s destiny. One example of this is when Romeo approaches the Friar for agree to wed him with Juliet and the Friar stunned says â€Å"Holy Saint Francis! What a change is here! /Is Rosaline that however didst love so dear/so before long neglected? Youthful mens love at that point lies/Not really in their souls/however in their eyes† (Act 2. 3 65-68). This hints a terrible end to Romeo and Juliet’s love as the monk is stating that he rushed to get over Rosaline that clearly he has never been infatuated and is just truly pulled in to Juliet and doesn’t really care about her a similar way he was with Rosaline. As though this is genuine their relationship most likely won’t keep going long. We will compose a custom exposition test on Romeo and Juliet Journal Act 2 or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Another case of portending there horrible destiny is the point at which the minister is going to wed them and he offers the guidance to the couple saying â€Å"These fierce enjoyments have rough closures/and in their triumph bite the dust, similar to fire and powder/which as they kiss expend. The best nectar/is accursed in his own delightfulness/and in the taste jumbles the hunger/Therefore love modestly: long love doth so;/too quick shows up as late as excessively moderate. † (Act 2. 6 9-15). This hints their destiny as he cautions Juliet not to fixate and intrigue over Juliet as he did with Rosaline or his adoration won’t keep going as long and clearly Romeo won't head his admonition. This section works superbly anticipating the come upon of the characters as it pinpoints one of Romeo’s careful issues and one that he won't tune in to the minister about and accept his recommendation. One other model anticipating disappointment in Romeo and Juliet’s relationship is when Juliet is attempting to get the medical caretaker to mention to her the thing Romeo had said about their marriage and how they intend to do it and the attendant says â€Å"Well, you have settled on a straightforward decision; you know/not how to pick a man. Romeo? No not he. † (Act 2. 5 38-39). This shows how the medical attendant doesn’t accept that Romeo is the correct man for Juliet to wed.

Nanobot and Astrobot are the newest robots. They a Essays - Chip

Nanobot and Astrobot are the most up to date robots. They are made with the man-made brainpower, robot-parts of the body, information chips, memory and now with the assistance of quantum mechanics/material science they can stroll through dividers, be a moment telephone, transport in the midst of hardship (Quantum chip is should have been embedded). The rundown for the information chips: Quantum Chip Arithmetic Chip Lively Chip Science Chip Entertainer Chip Science Chip Material science Chip Topography Chip Hand to hand fighting Chip Strict Chip Craftsman Chip Performer Chip Funny Chip Political Chip Dialects Chip Creator Chip Culinary expert Chip History specialist Chip Pioneer Chip Reasonable Chip Rationale Chip # He does everything (If I missed anything simply include it) Max 10 chips The Hondo ASIMO is the most developed humanoid robot, however not for long. Nano and Astro have the best voice acknowledgment, presumably superior to people! They simply adjust to the sound and pitch of the voice! It can adjust to the climate and condition, can stroll on any landscape or surface. It has astonishing equalization (extremely astounding), and can go all over on steps effortlessly! What's more, with each one of those chips nothing can turn out badly!

The Presidential Election Trumps Shocking Triumph - Free Essay Example

In 2016, during the Presidential Election, the political Blue Wall was breached in the Great Lakes, granting Trump a series of critical, razor-thin victories in Pennsylvania, Minnesota and Wisconsin. It was in the Great Lakes that Trump saw just enough of an increase in support to break the Blue Wall. Turnout increased statewide in Pennsylvania, but declined in Philadelphia and was up only slightly in suburban areas. Trump won the state by only 80,000 votes despite large losses in the states urban and suburban areas. This paper will explore the origins of the political Blue Wall, which states are included, and how each of them played a part in Donald Trumps eventual election victory.A populist wave that started with Brexit reached the U.S. in a stunning manner in November 2016. Donald Trump won the presidential election in one of the greatest upsets in Americas political history. The election was historic as it left Republicans in a strong electoral status than before. Virtually, no political analyst saw Clintons fall especially in the Blue wall states. In a briefing to politico before the Election Day, the Republican National Committee indicated that Republicans could lose in those states. The blue wall not only cracked with Donald Trumps win in Michigan, but crumbled as he also won in Wisconsin and Pennsylvania (Bitecofer, 2018). From the onset, Trump had clearly indicated that he would surpass the Republican base and would challenge Hillary Clinton in states like Wisconsin, Michigan, Florida, Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, among others. He appeared severally in these states with an apparent goal of winning the electoral vote. He definitely had to capture a number of Clintons prospective core states for him to win (In Schultz, In Jacob, 2018). Trumps campaign dissuaded and targeted potential Clinton voters with particular messages and energized white working-class small town and rural voters with financial populist appeals. He was a presidential runner who actually recognized the significance of working-class whites. Even though Trump lost the popular vote (48.2 percent to 46.1 percent), he managed to win the Electoral College with over 300 votes. Key to his victory was the breaking of the blue wall, which had never elected a Republican for decades. One of the most outstanding results of the presidential election was the geographic domination that President Trump enjoyed in Michigan. Embedded in this element of Trumps win in Michigan, was his capability to triumph in places where other republicans were unable to win. Trump also won many other swing states nationally, that former president Obama had won, including Ohio, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Florida. Donald Trump gutted the conventional perception that had become a democratic and demographic gospel in recent cyclesthat Blue wall states would always be Democratic corner-states. He broke through the Democratic Partys ?Blue Wall states, formerly considered to be Hillary Clintons failsafe. Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, were part of this ?Blue wall that many people thought would fall into the column of Democratic candidates. Since 1992, these states had always supported democrats presidential candidates and this was considered to be a challenge to Trump. According to analyst Ruy Teixiera, Trumps single most crucial factor in his win was the staggering 39 percent margin amongst white non-college (working-class) voters, which compares to a smaller 25 percent republican advantage during the 2012 election. Donald Trump garnered the Electoral College victory, in spite of losing the popular vote. A leading justification for Trumps win is that he directly appealed to white, working -class voters, and combined anti-immigrant rhetoric with trade protectionism as part of his agenda of ?making America great again. Trump beat Clinton by almost 50 points amongst blue-collar white men, and almost 30 points amongst non-college educated white women. His non college support ranged from 62 per cent to 66 per cent, which represented sharp variations toward the GOP, especially in Rust Belt states such as Wisconsin and Michigan. This tremendously high working-class support rate, and the weaker minority support rates for Hillary Clinton, became the notable demographic story in the 2016 presidential election (Denton, 2017). Wisconsin, for instance, is a competitive State with a big populace of white, working-class democrats. Whites without college degrees were negative towards Clinton, had weaker views of the economy, and were negative about immigration. These were some of the reasons that they voted for Trump who had promised change. Trump got a narrow victory in Florida, and in the three Rust Belt states: Wisconsin by 0.9 points, Michigan by 0.2 points, and Pennsylvania1 percent (Denton, 2017, p.299). Trump used targeted online messages with the aim of activating ?white identity politics. Coupled with Clintons unpopularity amongst whites working-class, as well as rural voters in the states, this messaging interacted with Electoral College votes to give Trump the presidency. His victory in those states was broadly observed as a part of his petition with blue-collar manufacturing voters. Though critics condemned Trumps vicious attacks on Muslims and Mexicans, he clearly knew that hostility toward globalization and immigration was deep among a number of American voters. Trumps decision to center on trade and immigration paid off as he did particularly well in the blue wall states of Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin, all of which have huge numbers of white working-class voters. While Clinton was blamed for downplaying overt class appeals, Trump presented protectionist messages that seemed to appeal the traditional blue-collar, Democratic Mid-western voters (In Green, In Coffey In Cohen, 2018). He also took a critical stand on free trade that held the Clintons responsible for NAFTA. He attacked corporate greed, as well as the closing of industries that moved to Mexico.The 2016 presidential election was one of the greatest upsets in Americas political history. President Trump won many swing states nationally including Ohio, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Flo rida. In addition, he was able to capture a number of Democrats prospective core states that led to his victory. Unlike his opponent, Trump was a presidential contender who recognized the significance of working-class whites. He presented protectionist messages that seemed to appeal the traditional blue-collar, Democratic Mid-western voters, with the aim of promoting his agenda of ?making America great again.

Music-Based Improv Games for Young Actors

Most improv exercises are intended to expand actors comfort with creating characters, interacting in front of an audience, and thinking on their feet. Few exercises, however, are built around musical comedy. There are a few reasons for this: Musical comedy requires music, and few drama teachers have access to a piano and piano player. Sure, you can play around with recorded music -- but thats not as easy as it sounds.Musical comedy requires singing, and a surprising number of young actors are very shy about singing. Those students who are not confident in their singing skills may refuse to take part.Musical comedy doesnt generally require the same level of character development as a straight play or even a non-musical comedy. With music and dance to take up the slack, many musicals have stock characters with little motivation and few personal characteristics. So why bother with music-related improv? First: almost every high school in America -- and many junior high schools -- produce musicals every spring. If your students plan to take part, theyll need to brush up their musical skills. Second, music is a terrific tool for building internal rhythm and other skills your young actors will need whether or not they ever play a musical lead. The improv activities described here are music-related, but they dont require participants to read music -- or even to sing! Theme Music Improv This improv activity is suitable for 2 – 3 performers. It requires theatrical music to be played while the actors perform. I recommend a simple keyboard and someone who can play impromptu background music. (Nothing fancy is necessary – just music that conveys different emotions.) Have the audience members suggest a location. For example: library, zoo, kindergarten class, driving school, etc. The actors begin the scene with a normal, everyday exchange: Hey, Bob, did you get that promotion?Son, I got a call from the principal today.Hello, and welcome to jury duty! Once the conversation is underway, the instructor (or whoever is manning the keyboard) plays background music. The melody can alternate between dramatic, whimsical, suspenseful, western, science-fiction, romantic, and so forth. The actors must then create action and dialogue that matches the mood of the music. Whenever the music changes, the behavior of the characters change. Emotion Symphony This drama exercise is terrific for large groups. One person (perhaps the drama instructor or group leader) serves as the orchestra conductor. The rest of the performers should sit or stand in rows, as though they were musicians in an orchestra. However, instead of having a string section or a brass section, the conductor will create emotion sections. Learn more about how your students can create an â€Å"Emotion Orchestra.† Song Spoofs It’s not easy to compose original melodies. (Just ask 80s band Milli Vanilli!). However, students can take their first step toward a song-writing career by spoofing existing songs. Form the students into groups (between 2 – 4 people). They should then select a song with which they are each familiar. Note: It doesn’t have to be a show tune – any Top 40 song will do. The instructor will give the song-writing groups a topic for their song lyrics. Because of the storytelling nature of musical theater, the more conflict, the better. Here are a few suggestions: Getting â€Å"dumped† on Prom Night.Being trapped in an elevator.Getting caught shoplifting.Saying goodbye to your dead goldfish.Finding out your grandma is a vampire. Students collectively write as much of the lyrics as they can, hopefully telling a story, or conveying lyrical dialogue. The song could be delivered by one or more characters. When the students present their work to the rest of the class, they can simply read the lyrics to the class. Or, if they feel brave enough, they can perform the newly created number and sing their hearts out!

The Effects Of Bipolar Disorder On Individuals, Families...

Mental illness is a leading cause of disability in Canada. All Canadians are likely to be indirectly affected through a mental illness in a family, friend or colleague. Statistics showed that 1 in 5 Canadians experiences a mental health or addiction problem. (Mental Illness and Addictions: Facts and Statistics, n.d.). This report will be focusing on one of the more common mental illness — bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a serious medical condition that causes people to have extreme mood swings and these mood swings affect how people think, interact, behave and function (Bipolar Disorder, 2012). Research indicted that one to two percent of adults have bipolar disorder (Bipolar Disorder, 2012). Patients with bipolar disorder will also experience mania which are episodes of â€Å"severe sadness and hopelessness to overly high levels of energy, restlessness and irritability† (Rodriguez, 2015). This report will examine the effe ct of bipolar disorder on individuals, families and society. People with bipolar disorder often come across the question of â€Å"to tell or not to tell† because â€Å"the stigma attached to mental illnesses presents a serious barrier not only to diagnosis and treatment but also to acceptance in the community† (A Report on Mental Illnesses in Canada, 2012). About 42% of Canadians were unsure whether they would socialize with a friend who has a mental illness and about 27% said they would be fearful of being around someoneShow MoreRelatedBenefits And Concerns Of Predictive Genetic Testing998 Words   |  4 Pagesperformed using these new methods to test for bipolar disorder, specifically in those who have a family history of the disorder. In this paper, I will highlight the benefits and concerns of predictive genetic testing, discuss how it will affect society, and argue that those with a family history of mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder should have predictiv e genetic testing so that, if necessary, the disorder can be treated early and prevent any adverse effects. Opposing Stance It is unethical for predictiveRead MoreThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome1659 Words   |  7 Pageshistory a man named Willie Lynch taught the way an African American man and woman are supposed to act in society as a piece of property for their owner. Not knowing we pick up some of these behaviors of Post Traumatic Slave syndrome. Are we sick and are we getting help for it? The answer is No, we are not getting help for our mental problems since we sometimes don’t know it exist. â€Å"Bipolar disorder affects approximately 5.7 million adult Americans, or about 2.6% of the U.S. population age 18 and olderRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1572 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Bipolar disorder has had a large history full of misunderstandings, wrongful treatments and stigma surrounding the illness. Bipolar, formerly called manic depression causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression). (Mayo 1998) When you become depressed you may feel sad, vulnerable and anxious. When you experience mania you will become overly joyful or full of energy, making the crash back to depression that much harder. According to A ShortRead MoreTypes Of Bipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1274 Words   |  6 PagesThere are several types of bipolar disorders, but the two main types are Bipolar I and Bipolar II. Bipolar I is the definitive type of the bipolar disorder, and the person will constantly go through both the manic and depressive stages of the condition. The length of these episodes will differ from time to time. In Bipolar II, the manic stages are not as severe as Bipolar I; nevertheless, the depressive stages are quite similar (bipolar). But what causes this life altering mental illness? SeveralRead MoreThe Social Discourse Of Bipolar Disorder1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe social discourse of bipolar disorder is often punctuated by the classic manic episodes manifesting as symptoms such as distractibility, pressured speech, decreased need for sleep, euphoric mood, grandiosity, and problems with impulse control [17]. These classic periods of high energy are often intertwined in a cyclical fa shion with periods of depressive symptoms, much of the time meeting criteria for major depressive disorder, as well as periods with no symptoms [17]. The frequency by which aRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Mental Health Condition981 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder, or manic-depressive disorder, is a disorder characterized by extreme mood changes. An individual who suffers from this disorder can have extreme highs or extreme lows. They could go from being overly energetic and outgoing to feeling empty, depressed, angry and just completely worthless on a daily, weekly, monthly and or even yearly basis. Diagnosis, dramatic changes in one’s life, and even treatment can have a serious effect on an individual that is suffering from Bipolar disorderRead MoreSocial And Legal Issues Surrounding Bipolar Disorder1683 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Bipolar disorder is a psychological diagnosis that tends to present episodes of depression and mania, thus the name manic-depression (Corry, 2010). This brain disorder causes strange mood changes, changes in routine activities and energy shifts. People suffering from bipolar disorder tend to exhibit instances of antisocial and violent behavior as they relate to people; this makes them extremely volatile and dangerous both to themselves and those close to them (Rose, 2007). The followingRead MoreBipolar And Related Disorders : Symptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1669 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar and related disorders are lifelong perplexing mental illnesses that are difficult to diagnose and treat. Bipolar illness is a chronic shifting of extreme euphoria (mania) and deep sadness or hopelessness (depressive) episodes, complicated by comorbidities and the potential for poor health outcomes. The occurrence of bipolar disorder (BD) throughout the adult population in the United Sta tes is reported to be approximately 5.7 million people each year, with a lifetime prevalence of 3.9 percentRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Bipolar Disorder1345 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar Disorder Definition Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Bipolar disorder affects approximately 57 million adult Americans, (Bipolar Disorder Statistics, 2016). It is more common for this disorder to affect adults rather than adolescent, with the onset age being somewhere around 25 years of age. Often time people live with disorder without having it properly diagnosed and treatedRead MoreBipolar Disorder1690 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Bipolar Disorder Abstract When many hear the words Bipolar disorder, they immediately think someone is borderline psycho. Known originally as manic depression, Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness that creates mood swings that affect an individual’s behavior and emotions, which can result in a lot of pain. This disorder has two types: Type I and Type II with both having manic and depressive phases in each. These phases are episodes that have symptoms

Management Data Visualisation

Question: Describe about the Data Visualisation? Answer: Introduction Data visualisation and data analysis with pictorial or graph and chart is become an important part in the todays business analytics. We have to analyse the data for the journalists in this assignment. In a world-wide several journalists were killed by the terrorists or other local authorities. Data related to this topic is provided within excel document file. We have to study several aspects related to the journalists who are killed worldwide. We have to use different analytical or statistical tools for the purpose of analysis of data for the deaths of journalists occurred worldwide. Data Elements There are total 24 variables given in the data set. Last column is used for the description purpose. Here we only consider 21 variables for study. The list and characteristic of these variables is given below: No. Variable Scale Description 1 Name Nominal Name of Journalist 2 Role Nominal Role of Journalist 3 Motive Nominal Motive confirmed or not 4 Sex Nominal Sex of Journalist 5 Date Killed Nominal Date of journalist killed 6 Year of Death Scale Year of Journalist killed 7 Month of Death Nominal Month in which journalist killed 8 Country Killed Nominal Country in which Journalist killed 9 Organization Nominal Organization of Journalist 10 Nationality Nominal Nationality of Journalist 11 Medium Nominal Type of media for which Journalist works 12 Job Nominal Type of job of Journalist 13 Coverage Nominal Type of coverage 14 Freelance Nominal Whether Journalist is freelance or not 15 Local/Foreign Nominal Journalist is foreign or local 16 Source of Fire Nominal source of fire 17 Type of Death Nominal type of death 18 Impunity (for Murder) Nominal impunity for murder 19 Taken Captive Nominal taken captive or not 20 Threatened Nominal threatened or not 21 Tortured Nominal tortured or not 22 Profile on CPJ Nominal profile information 23 Image Nominal image reference site 24 Description Nominal Description of how Journalist killed Data Visualisation and data analysis: There are total 1589 observations for each variable under study. The frequency for journalist is found as 1502 and for media workers it is found as 87. Out of total journalists, 1083 were motive confirmed while 419 were unconfirmed. Percentage for male journalist is found as 86.8%. In the year 2007, total 112 journalists were killed and this is the maximum number of journalist killed in any year. Most of the journalists (about 251) were killed in the country Iraq. Maximum Proportion of journalists killed is found for the print media. 184 journalists killed by the terrorists were freelance media worker. 137 journalists were killed in the foreign countries. 713 journalists were murdered by terrorists. Most of the journalists were killed in the month May and November. Now, we have to test one hypothesis that whether the average number of journalist killed per month are 130 or not? For checking this hypothesis we need the following information: For this hypothesis, the null and alternative hypothesis is given as below: Null hypothesis: H0: Average number of journalists killed is 130. Alternative hypothesis: Ha: Average number of journalists killed is not 130. For this one sample t test, we have p-value is greater than the level of significance or alpha value 0.05, so we do not reject the null hypothesis that Average number of journalists killed is 130. The 95% confidence interval for the average number of deaths of journalists per month is found as (122, 142). Interpretations or conclusions: 1) There are total 1589 deaths of journalists recorded over the time period from 1992 to 2014. 2) Most of the deaths are observed in the country Iraq.3) Most of the deaths are observed for print media journalists.4) Deaths of female journalists are comparatively very less than the male journalists.5) On an average, about 132 journalists are killed during the period from 1992 to 2014.6) Most of the journalists were killed in the month of May and November.7) Most of the deaths of journalists occurred due to the murder. References: 1) Abramowitz, M., and Stegun, I.A., "Handbook of mathematical functions", Dover publications, New York, 1964 (1972) 2) Crow, E.L., Davis, F.A., and Maxfield, M.W. "Statistics Manual", Dover publications, Inc New York, 1960 3) Fraser, D.A.S., "Nonparametric methods in statistics", John WileySons, New York, ChapmanHall, London, 1957 (2nd 1959) 4) Kanji, G.K., "100 statistical tests", Sage publications London, Newbury Park, New Dehli, ISBN: 0 8039 8704 8, 1993 5) Papoulis, Athanasios "Probability and Statistics" Prentence-Hall International Editions, ISBN: 0 13 711730 2, 1990 6) Siegel, S. "Non-parametric statistics for the behavioral sciences", McGraw-Hill book company, Inc. New York, Toronto, London, 1956 7) Van den Brink, W.P., and Koele, P. "Statistiek, Deel 3: Toepassingen", Boom Meppel Amsterdam 8) D. Rowntree, Statistics without tears: a primer for non-mathematicians, (Scribner, New York, 1981). 9) G. Kranzler and J. Moursund, Statistics for the Terrified 2nd ed., (Prentice Hall , Upper Saddle River, 1999). 10) G.F.K. Naylor and L.E. Enticknap, Statistics Simplified. An Introduction for Social Scientists and Others. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Group, Sydney, 1981).11) H. Motulsky, Intuitive Biostatistics: A Nonmathematical Guide to Statistical Thinking, (2nd ed.) (Oxford University Press, 2010).12) D.B. Orr, Fundamentals of Applied Statistics and Surveys, (Chapman and Hall, New York, 1995).

New York Yankees free essay sample

Ever since they became an official organization in 1903, the New York Yankees have established themselves as one of the world’s top sport organizations. As a Major League Baseball team, they have historically achieved the ultimate goal of winning the World Series and have gained fans and profit in the process. With thirty-one different managers, the Yankees have won a total of twenty-six World Series and have built a fan base across the globe (â€Å"New†, 2008). Nowadays, the organization even makes yearly revenue close to 300 million dollars (Cohen, 2007). I chose this organization because I believe that their structure and management style is the definition of success. I will apply most of the methods and concepts from the book and from class to the Yankees, and I will discuss why I consider them to be one of the world’s greatest sport organizations today. First, when analyzing the New York Yankees from a managerial perspective, it is important to consider the structure and management style of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on New York Yankees or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, the New York Yankees have three levels of managers: the owner or executive manager who monitors the business environment (George Steinbrenner), the general manager or middle manager who negotiates and controls player transactions (Brian Cashman), and the field manager or first-line supervisor who supervises individuals within the organization (Joe Girardi). For them to be successful, all of these parts need to work together and form a systems-based organization. In this open system, where everything is â€Å"relatively open to the influences of the environment in which it lives† (Chelladurai, 2005), Steinbrenner is able to react to the goals, structures, and processes of the organization, as well as employers, customers, and so forth. Even though the Yankees did not make the playoffs this year, it is easy to see how the system is successful. All of the managers perform certain tasks, some of which include planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating. Each of these levels do these things for different time frames. When discussing the roles of the Yankee managers, it is important to note that all of them have been successful. Brian Cashman has a large decisional role because he has to make the correct decisions for the fans to be content and the team to win. Back when the Yankees won several consecutive championships in the ‘90s, Joe Torre (field manager) was a leader of the team with excellent human skills. He was able to interact with his players in a way that allowed them to perform at or above their potential, and he also had an incredible amount of knowledge for the types of players he needed to succeed. The owner and general manager had good technical and conceptual skills because it was important that they plan, evaluate, and organize the formation of a successful organization. They had to evaluate the existing organization, plan what players to trade for, and organize the business matters. I know that the organization’s main goal is to win national championships, but they also want to be effective and efficient in doing so. When the owner George Steinbrenner goes out and gets all-star caliber players to win the American League East division and the World Series, he has to pay a lot of money in order to attract them to his team. In terms of being a successful leader, it is obvious that George Steinbrenner â€Å"exerts influence in a way that achieves the organization’s goals by enhancing the productivity and satisfaction of the work force† (Chelladurai, 2005) because he is trying to achieve his goals by getting the best players in the league and making his team more productive. It has been known that George Steinbrenner spends the most money on his players in the league, so the efficiency of the team is minimized even though they have the largest fan base out of any organization. The effectiveness, however, in drawing the support of fans, emotionally and economically, is maximized, since the people want to see the best teams with the best athletes play. In 2004, â€Å"by the completion of the season, which saw Joe Torre at its helm for his ninth season, the New York Yankees had set a new team record for largest team attendance thanks to 3,775,292 loyal fans who attended home games at Yankee Stadium† (â€Å"New†, 2008). You can see here how popular the organization has become, and I can only imagine how much more money it can make in the future. In conclusion, I have analyzed an organization that I felt would help me understand the concepts and methods that are associated with sport management. Based on the structure and personnel of the New York Yankees baseball club now and in the past, I classify it as being one of the world’s most successful organizations. This statement can only be judged by the results that have accompanied the Yankees ever since its inception, twenty-six championships and a world-wide fan base. New York Yankees free essay sample Ever since they became an official organization in 1903, the New York Yankees have established themselves as one of the world’s top sport organizations. As a Major League Baseball team, they have historically achieved the ultimate goal of winning the World Series and have gained fans and profit in the process. With thirty-one different managers, the Yankees have won a total of twenty-six World Series and have built a fan base across the globe (â€Å"New†, 2008). Nowadays, the organization even makes yearly revenue close to 300 million dollars (Cohen, 2007). I chose this organization because I believe that their structure and management style is the definition of success. I will apply most of the methods and concepts from the book and from class to the Yankees, and I will discuss why I consider them to be one of the world’s greatest sport organizations today. First, when analyzing the New York Yankees from a managerial perspective, it is important to consider the structure and management style of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on New York Yankees or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, the New York Yankees have three levels of managers: the owner or executive manager who monitors the business environment (George Steinbrenner), the general manager or middle manager who negotiates and controls player transactions (Brian Cashman), and the field manager or first-line supervisor who supervises individuals within the organization (Joe Girardi). For them to be successful, all of these parts need to work together and form a systems-based organization. In this open system, where everything is â€Å"relatively open to the influences of the environment in which it lives† (Chelladurai, 2005), Steinbrenner is able to react to the goals, structures, and processes of the organization, as well as employers, customers, and so forth. Even though the Yankees did not make the playoffs this year, it is easy to see how the system is successful. All of the managers perform certain tasks, some of which include planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating. Each of these levels do these things for different time frames. When discussing the roles of the Yankee managers, it is important to note that all of them have been successful. Brian Cashman has a large decisional role because he has to make the correct decisions for the fans to be content and the team to win. Back when the Yankees won several consecutive championships in the ‘90s, Joe Torre (field manager) was a leader of the team with excellent human skills. He was able to interact with his players in a way that allowed them to perform at or above their potential, and he also had an incredible amount of knowledge for the types of players he needed to succeed. The owner and general manager had good technical and conceptual skills because it was important that they plan, evaluate, and organize the formation of a successful organization. They had to evaluate the existing organization, plan what players to trade for, and organize the business matters. I know that the organization’s main goal is to win national championships, but they also want to be effective and efficient in doing so. When the owner George Steinbrenner goes out and gets all-star caliber players to win the American League East division and the World Series, he has to pay a lot of money in order to attract them to his team. In terms of being a successful leader, it is obvious that George Steinbrenner â€Å"exerts influence in a way that achieves the organization’s goals by enhancing the productivity and satisfaction of the work force† (Chelladurai, 2005) because he is trying to achieve his goals by getting the best players in the league and making his team more productive. It has been known that George Steinbrenner spends the most money on his players in the league, so the efficiency of the team is minimized even though they have the largest fan base out of any organization. The effectiveness, however, in drawing the support of fans, emotionally and economically, is maximized, since the people want to see the best teams with the best athletes play. In 2004, â€Å"by the completion of the season, which saw Joe Torre at its helm for his ninth season, the New York Yankees had set a new team record for largest team attendance thanks to 3,775,292 loyal fans who attended home games at Yankee Stadium† (â€Å"New†, 2008). You can see here how popular the organization has become, and I can only imagine how much more money it can make in the future. In conclusion, I have analyzed an organization that I felt would help me understand the concepts and methods that are associated with sport management. Based on the structure and personnel of the New York Yankees baseball club now and in the past, I classify it as being one of the world’s most successful organizations. This statement can only be judged by the results that have accompanied the Yankees ever since its inception, twenty-six championships and a world-wide fan base.

Was Hitlers Body Ever Identified essays

Was Hitlers Body Ever Identified essays Was Hitlers body ever identified? Everyone gets a good kick out of magazines like the National Enquirer and Globe because everything written in them is a lie. One commonly written headline in those magazines is Elvis has been spotted, or Elvis lives, he never really was dead!! These are the things written about today. However, about fifty years ago there was something similar going on, although it wasnt about Elvis, it was about sightings of Adolph Hitler. The goal of this aspect of the Mysteries of History project was to prove weather or not Adolph Hitlers body was identified. In most of the books about Hitler that were looked into, the stories concerning the death, suicide and what happened afterwards were almost identical. However, before the death and end of his life is discussed, the reader should know what Hitler was all about. Adolph Hitler was born on April 20th, 1889. He was born in Austria, right near the German border. According to Hitler, that date began Mein Kampf (My struggle), Hitlers political autobiography and blueprint for a new Germany. Hitlers life began as him being a sensitive, artistic boy. By the age of eleven, he was a committed nationalist who had learned to understand the meaning of history. When Hitler was thirteen years old, his life took a dramatic turn. On January 3, 1903, Adolphs father, Alois Hitler passed away from a massive pleural hemorrhage. He toppled over at the table and was dead before the doctor arrived. Hitler was very much interested in the arts and dropped out of high school at the age of sixteen so he could sketch and day dream all day. At the age of twenty-two, Hitler felt that he was alone and adrift. He needed an enemy to blame for all his problems. One day he was walking down the street and encountered a man. The first thought that went through his ...

Development and Training Leaders and Managers Essay

Development and Training Leaders and Managers - Essay Example FedEx Corporation, CNN, Hewlett-Packard among others, had difficulty starting their businesses but now end up as megalith corporations looked up by everyone. Analysts account this phenomenon to hard work, business acumen, resilience, effective marketing strategies among others. But almost everyone else agree on two factors that consist as common denominators of all these firms and these are to wit: leadership and effective management. Even in educational administration, these two factors are necessary in order that high education officials be able to properly develop leaders and managers who would make this world a better place to live in. weighing 2.5 tons each be constructed if there was no effective leadership, coordination, management and administration. Or how could Alexander the Great unify and maintain his world empire which stretched across the vast expanse of Asia as well as in parts of Europe and Africa if there was no effective leadership and management ( Gamage & Pang 2003, p.4). Thus, because leadership and management make any organization effective and fruitful and are of paramount importance to any such organization, both must be inculcated and developed in present and future high officials of any organization as well as students in all schools worldwide. Upon the shoulders of all educators and all heads of educational organizations lie the onus of training and developing the qualities of good leadership and effective management in all students in all schools and colleges. Likewise, these educational institutions should also ensure that they develop future efficient education leaders and managers to fortify such role of educational institutions. Thus, in recent years the focus of attention by governments is the development of research and policies and practices that would strengthen educational leadership. The challenge is now to develop the human potential for leadership and management (Bush & Middlewood 2005, p. vii). Educational Leadership and Management The notion of educational leadership varies from one author to another but it is certain that educational leadership involves a process of influence. Thus Yukl defines it as that which "involves a social influence process whereby intentional influence is exerted by one person or group over other people or groups to structure the activities and relationships in a group or3 organization" ( Bush 2003, p.5). But it must be stressed that anyone will have difficulty influencing any group of people if his character is less than sterling i.e. if his personal values and mindset leave much

Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Technology - Essay Example Nevertheless, at the time most people used the commercial phones such as telephones to communicate especially in businesses and other related matters. Such kind of communication was extremely expensive and only a small percentage of businesses could afford. Consequently, those who were able to purchase or own these kinds of phones used them with extreme caution and for very important reasons. Conversely, private entities such as homes used the phones for communication although this was only present to those who could afford such kind of luxury at the time (Miller & Horst, 2006). Eventually, mobile phones were discovered by an inventor known as Martin Cooper in 1973 while he worked as a senior development engineer in the mobile equipment group. According to Cooper, the invention of a portable phone was driven by the necessity he saw from people to communicate in a more private manner as compared to the then phone communication where privacy was not upheld. Furthermore, Cooper argued that apart from the privacy issue, people needed phones that they would use anytime and anywhere without necessarily having to be connected to immobile places such as office desks, homes or even persons who traded with phones for communication (Miller & Horst, 2006). In this regard, Ling (2004) articulates that the use of mobile phones is highest across the world. According to a recent research, there are approximately six billion mobile subscribers out of the seven billion people population across the world. Moreover, more people continue to embrace the information and communication technology by becoming mobile subscribers. For instance, Asia is argued to be a region with the highest number of mobile subscribers across the globe. Therefore, importances of mobile phones are numerous and continue to increase by the day. Firstly, mobile phones are being used in modern society to keep in touchà © with

Criminal Law & Immigration Law, Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Law & Immigration Law, - Research Paper Example In addition, whereas criminal law is under the powers of the states, immigration law is normally under the powers of the federal administration. With considerable and constant interactions, hard questions arises, such as, what degree does criminal law impact immigration law? Do their functions in influencing immigration continue to overlap? This paper will critically examine the interaction of criminal law and immigration law. In most cases, the most crucial issue that face noncitizen (undocumented immigrants) defendants charged with committing a crime is whether when convicted and sentenced for the crime, will result in some certain provisions contained in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), that will lead in his deportation from the US. Usually noncitizen defendants do not understand how critical this matter is until it turns out to be too late. The present provisions of immigration law make the consequences for committing a crime to be very severe. Noncitizens, who are convicted of seemingly minor offences such as theft, can face devastating consequences. The moment they are convicted and sentenced, noncitizens could face such severe consequences such as direct deportation, being permanently barred from returning to the US and a likely indefinite detention by the Immigration and Customs Enforcement authorities, regardless of the duration he has lived in the US, the family ties he has, or if he is legally in the US. In addition, the most of the noncitizen offenders are not represent during their immigration proceedings. As pointed out by Guild and Minderhoud (2006) many of them are kept in Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) facilities in the course of their proceedings. When noncitizen commits crime, an aggravated crime he may be deported. As explained by Guild and Minderhoud (2006) the effect of an aggravated crime

Comparing the Duke and Angelo in Measure for Measure :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing the Duke and Angelo in Measure for Measure Angelo and the Duke are similar in the following respects: they both initially claim immunity to love and later come to be affected by it; to achieve ends they desire, both manipulate others into situations those others would not willingly choose to be in; both have sought to maintain a particular reputation; they both spend much of the play seeming other than what they appear; both think themselves to be other than what they are in the beginning; and both claim to value a life removed. The Duke says: â€Å"Believe not that the dribbling dart of love / Can pierce a complete bosom† (1.3.2-3). Angelo said, â€Å"Ever till now, / When men were fond, I smiled and wondered how† (2.2.185-186). The Duke asks Isabella to marry him by the end—which isn’t necessarily proof of love, however. The play begins with the Duke manipulating Angelo to â€Å"weed† the vice of the people (3.2.258), and to see â€Å"what our seemers be† (1.3.58). The Duke has reason to believe that Angelo will strictly enforce laws that the Duke had neglected to enforce (1.3.50-53). We have already seen how Angelo manipulates Isabella. The Duke’s manipulation, he believes, will bring order to his people without him personally having to be perceived a tyrant, â€Å"And yet my nature never in the fight / To do it slander† (1.3.42-43). Angelo, too, has taken pride in maintaining a particular reputation. The Duke’s great concern about being slandered suggests he has a less than complete bosom, showing a lack of self-knowledge—another feature shared by Angelo. The Duke manipulates others in part by using a disguise. Angelo, too, comes to use a disguise (2.4.12-15; 2.4.153-156). In addition, the Duke has â€Å"ever loved the life removed† (1.3.8), which sounds similar to Angelo’s reputation for austerity. The differences between the Duke and Angelo are far greater, however, depending on the reading the play is given (All the perspectives I mention below come from Lever’s ‘Introduction’). It is possible to interpret the Duke as being more a stage device than a full-fledged character. His primary role may be to represent the middle way that good rulers should adopt, and to orchestrate the trials and learning experiences that move the other characters from their extreme positions into more moderate ways of being. The Duke does this by implementing the historic ruse of going in disguise among his people to find out how things are really going, and to set them right if need be.

Latino/Chicano/Hispanic Education Essay

In my research I discovered an abundant amount of information on educating Chicano’s or Latino’s in the United States, particulary California being that an extremely high population concentrations are in California. In this paper I will list some of the most important cultural diversity facts I’ve found regarding educational barriers, communication behaviors, cultural differences, teaching implications, learning styles and tools and insights. First, what is Chicano or Chicana? A Chicano or Chicana is a term used to indicate an identity held by some persons of Mexican descent living in the United States. Often times, it refers to a first or second generation Mexican American living in an urban, Mexican American immigrant community, where there exists the strong ethnic consciousness of being â€Å"Mexican American†. It is considered a term of ethnic pride, though not all Mexican Americans proud of their heritage necessarily consider themselves Chicano. A woman of this category is usually named by the feminine form Chicana, and, following the usual conventions for Spanish words, the masculine plural form Chicanos is used for groups that include both genders. Much attention has been directed to the Chicano or Latino youth in schools today. When looking at a chart provided by the 2000 census (Table 2. 1). It is obvious why Chicano or Latino have been recognized as a major player in schools, workforce and communities. Table 2. 1 Top Ten Countries of Birth and Ancestral Backgrounds of California Youth, Ages 13 to 24, 2000 Country of Birth Number Ancestry Number Foreign-Born U. S. -Born 1. Mexico 783,124 1. Mexican 1,228,338 2. Philippines 76,753 2. African American 310,810 3. El Salvador 59,612 3. German 279,195 4. Vietnam 58,701 4. Irish 210,186 5. Guatemala 42,795 5. English 178,050 6. Korea 28,228 6. Italian 161,383 7. Taiwan 25,859 7. American 158,956. 8. India 23,576 8. Filipino 107,742 9. Thailand 22,822 9. White 94,380 10. China 22,337 10. Chinese 82,943 SOURCE: Authors’ calculations from the 2000 Census. EDUCATIONAL BARRIERS AND TEACHING IMPLICATIONS I feel that educational barriers and teaching implications go hand in hand. I feel this is true since an educational barrier is a direct implication to teaching. Nearly half of all Californians today are first-generation or second-generation immigrants. As that share of the California population continues to grow, it is increasingly important to understand the nature of intergenerational progress for immigrant groups. ( Myers, Dowell, John Pitkin, and Julie Park) Recent research has called into question the intergenerational progress of immigrants, particularly educational progress between the second generation and the third generation. When the educational attainment of second and third generations is compared directly with that of their parents or their parents’ generation, the authors find strong intergenerational progress for all major immigrant groups. ( Myers, Dowell, John Pitkin, and Julie Park) However, even by the third generation, Mexican Americans in California have not attained the educational levels that whites have attained. In other words, there is some progress but even by the third generation only 11 percent of Mexican American adults have earned a bachelor’s degree. In contrast, among third-and-later generation whites, more than a third has a bachelor’s degree. Also, about 30 percent of California’s children are growing up in families where neither parent has completed high school. One consequence of this low educational attainment is that as many as 95 percent of these children might not earn a bachelor’s degree; the low educational attainment of parents makes it less likely that their children will attain high levels of education. Among these children at risk of low educational achievement, Mexican Americans make up a large percentage. More than half of all California youth ages 13 to 24 have a foreign born parent. Because a large number of these immigrant parents have a limited education, lack of improvement in educational attainment from one generation to the next would have serious implications for the state economically as well as socially. Education is an important determinant of social and economic well-being, such as income, health, home ownership, and civic participation. The concern for educational progress is particularly acute for Mexican Americans who, even by the third generation, have very low levels of educational attainment. It finds that intergenerational progress has not stalled but rather that second- and third-generation immigrants have made substantial educational progress when compared with their parents. Most of California’s Latino youth are of Mexican ancestry (84%) and over 60 percent of them were born in the United States. Overall, one in four youth is a first-generation immigrant (i. e. , born in a foreign country). About the same share are second-generation immigrants (i. e. , born in the United States with at least one foreign-born parent). Racial and ethnic differences in educational attainment are strongly influenced by immigration. Of the major racial and ethnic groups in California, young adults of Mexican descent have the lowest levels of education. Of those ages 25 to 29, only 51 percent have earned a high school diploma, compared to 93 percent of non-Hispanic whites. However, the rate for Mexican American youth born in the United States is substantially higher—76 percent. Mexican youth who come to the United States as teens often do not attend high school here. The older their age at arrival, the less likely Mexican youth are to attend school in California. Among those ages 16 to 18 and who recently arrived in the United States, less than half are enrolled in school. Among men, many are working; among women, substantial numbers are working, married, or raising children. In particular, although some research has suggested that educational progress stalls between the second and third generations for Mexican Americans, it has been found that college graduation rates of third-generation immigrants are more than twice those of their parents. Further, although over half of their parents did not graduate from high school, about eight in 10 third-generation Mexican Americans have graduated from high school. Even by the third generation, however, Mexican Americans in California have lower educational attainment than whites have. Despite strong intergenerational progress, less than 85 percent of third and-later-generation Mexican American adults, ages 25 to 34, have finished high school and only 11 percent have completed a bachelor’s degree. (â€Å"Third-and-later† generation includes youth with both parents born in the United States but the data do not identify whether their grandparents or great-grandparents were born in the United States. ) In comparison, among third-and-later-generation whites, 95 percent earned a high school diploma and over a third has a bachelor’s degree. Mexican immigrant youth who arrive at age 15 or older are among the least educated Californians. Improving their educational attainment is particularly challenging because many do not enroll in California schools but are working and raising families. Analysis suggests that about 30 percent of California’s children are growing up in families where neither parent has completed high school and that as many as 95 percent of these children might not achieve a bachelor’s degree. Among these children at risk of low educational achievement, Mexican Americans make up a large share (68%). The success of students in California’s community colleges is of particular importance for improving Latino postsecondary education because almost 80 percent of Latinos who enroll in public higher education enter through community colleges. Of great concern, however, is the low transfer rate to four-year institutions, and transfers are especially low among Latino students. In addition to preparing students for transfers, community colleges provide English language, remedial, and vocational courses. As the value of education and skills in the California economy continues to grow, these courses will become increasingly important to workforce training, especially for those who do not go on to complete a bachelor’s degree. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. Because California has such large numbers of immigrants with limited education, a lack of improvement in educational attainment from one generation to the next would have serious implications for the state economically as well as socially. Educational progress is particularly important because education plays a role in determining racial and ethnic differences in other areas of social and economic well-being, such as poverty, health status, employment, home ownership, and civic participation (Reyes, 2001; Reed, 2003a). This information is important to understand why immigrant families rely so much on each other and not on education and opportunity. Hispanic-Americans are united by customs, language, religion, and values. There is, however, an extensive diversity of traits among Hispanic-Americans. One characteristic that is of paramount importance in most Hispanic cultures is family commitment, which involves loyalty, a strong support system, a belief that a child’s behavior reflects on the honor of the family, a hierarchical order among siblings, and a duty to care for family members. This strong sense of other-directedness conflicts with the United States’ mainstream emphasis on individualism (Vasquez, 1990). Stereotyped sex roles tend to exist among many Latinos: the male is perceived as dominant and strong, whereas the female is perceived as nurturing and self-sacrificing. Note, however, that in Latino cultures, the term â€Å"machismo† (used by Anglos to refer to male chauvinism) refers to a concept of chivalry that encompasses gallantry, courtesy, charity, and courage (Baron, 1991). Indeed, Hispanic culture’s emphasis on cooperation in the attainment of goals can result in Hispanic students’ discomfort with this nation’s conventional classroom competition. This cultural difference could play a negative role when the value of education in the California labor market has increased substantially in recent decades and projections suggest that workers without a college education will continue to see their earnings erode. Among youth in immigrant families, there is tremendous variation in family income and parental education. Among young immigrants ages 13 to 17, about one-third of those from Mexico are living in poor families and only 17 percent have a mother who finished high school (maternal education is measured only for those living with their mothers). These differences in family characteristics contribute to racial and ethnic differences in educational attainment for immigrant youth, which, in turn, contribute to education differences for their second-generation children. Differences in family characteristics explain most of the lower educational attainment of Mexican Americans. Among Mexican American youth, parental education, parental English language ability, and family income are substantially lower than among white youth. LEARNING STYLES An expanding body of research affirms that teaching and counseling students with interventions that are congruent with the students’ learning-style preferences result in their increased academic achievement and more positive attitudes toward learning. Research on the learning styles of Hispanic-Americans in particular, however, is limited. Within the Latino groups, the majority of studies have focused on the learning styles of Mexican-American elementary school children. Several investigations (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993) have compared various ethnic groups of students in elementary school through college levels using a measure that identifies 21 elements of learning style grouped into five categories. 1. ENVIRONMENTAL LEARNING STYLE elements include sound, temperature, design, and light. A cool temperature and formal design were identified as important elements for Mexican-American elementary and middle school students (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993). 2. EMOTIONAL LEARNING STYLE elements include responsibility, structure, persistence, and motivation. Sims (1988) reported that Mexican-American third- and fourth-graders were the least conforming of three ethnic groups studied. Yong and Ewing (1992), however, found that Mexican-American middle-school adolescents were conforming. The disparities between these data may result from subjects’ age, lifestyle, and urban/rural differences in the two studies. Both of these studies reported that Mexican-Americans required a higher degree of structure than did other groups. 3. SOCIOLOGICAL LEARNING STYLE elements are concerned with the social patterns in which one learns. Learning alone (as opposed to in groups) was preferred more by Caucasian students than by Mexican-American children (Dunn & Dunn, 1992, 1993) and more by Mexican-Americans students than by African-American children (Sims, 1988). Mexican-American students required significantly more sociological variety than either African-Americans or Caucasians (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993). Mexican-American males were authority-oriented and Mexican-American females were strongly peer-oriented (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993). 4. PHYSIOLOGICAL LEARNING STYLE elements relate to time of day, food and drink intake, perception, and mobility. Puerto-Rican college students exhibit a strong preference for learning in the late morning, afternoon, and evening. The time-of-day preferences of Mexican-Americans are less clear. Sims (1988) found that Caucasians preferred drinking or eating snacks while learning significantly more than did Mexican-Americans. Yong and Ewing (1992) reported that Latinos’ strongest perceptual strength was kinesthetic. Both Caucasians and African-American were significantly more auditory and visual than Mexican-Americans (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993; Sims, 1988). The study by Sims (1988) indicated that Caucasian students exhibited a higher need for mobility than did Mexican-American students. Contrary to findings for the U. S. general population, Mexican-American females had a significantly higher need for mobility than their male counterparts (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993). 5. PSYCHOLOGICAL LEARNING STYLE elements relate to global versus analytical processing. The construct of field dependence/independence is a component of this learning style. Field dependent individuals are more group-oriented and cooperative and less competitive than field independent individuals. Research generally has indicated that Mexican-American and other minority students are more field dependent than nonminority students. Hudgens (1993) found that Hispanic middle and secondary school students were more field dependent than Anglo students; Hispanic female (and African-American male) students had a greater internal locus of control than other groups; and Hispanic male (and African-American female) students had a greater external locus of control than other groups. INSIGHTS AND TOOLS There are a number of state and local programs designed to improve the lives of youth as well as to steer them in the direction of positive future outcomes. Youth ages 13 to 24 are of critical concern because during these ages youth are preparing for the transition to adulthood with its increased economic challenges and responsibilities and often with new marriage and parenting relationships. During these ages, many potentially life-changing decisions are often made, including the decisions to finish high school, to go to college, and perhaps to start a family. For these youth, adult education programs in school districts and community colleges can provide better schedules for part time, evening, and weekend coursework. In addition, as these youth become parents, programs that work with young children can assist parents with parental support and literacy improvement. For second and third generations, and for immigrants who do enter California schools, the quality of the K–12 public education system is clearly a key factor in success. Several recent and continuing reforms are improving California schools, particularly in the areas of student achievement, teacher quality, and quality of facilities. In addition, English language learning is of concern for the children of immigrants. For students whose own parents have limited educational experience, programs of educational counseling and tutoring are particularly helpful. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Baron, A. , Jr. , Counseling Chicano College Students. In C. Lee, and B. Richardson (Eds. ), MULTICULTURAL ISSUES IN COUNSELING: New Approaches to Diversity (p. 171-184). Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling and Development. ED 329 861, 1991. 2. Dunn, R. , and K. Dunn. , TEACHING SECONDARY STUDENTS, 1993. 3. Dunn, R. , S. Griggs, and G. Price. , Learning Styles of Mexican-American and Anglo-American Elementary-School Students. JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 21(4): 237-247. EJ 470 183. 1993. 4. Hudgens, B. , THE RELATIONSHIP OF COGNITIVE STYLE, 1993. 5. Myers, Dowell, John Pitkin, and Julie Park, California Demographic Futures: Projections to 2030, by Immigrant Generations, Nativity, and Time of Arrival in U. S. , School of Policy, Planning, and Development, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 2005. 6. Neumark, David, California’s Economic Future and Infrastructure Challenges, Occasional Paper, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, California, 2005. 7. Reed, Deborah, â€Å"The Growing Importance of Education in California,† Occasional Paper, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, California, 2003a. 8. Reed, Deborah, Racial and Ethnic Wage Gaps in the California Labor Market, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, California, 2003b. 9. Reyes, Belinda I. , ed. , A Portrait of Race and Ethnicity in California: An Assessment of Social and Economic Well-Being, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, California, 2001. 10. Sims, J., Learning Styles of Black-American, Mexican-American, and White-American Third- and Fourth-Grade Students in Traditional Public Schools. Doctoral dissertation, University of Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 1988. 11. Vasquez, J. , Teaching to the Distinctive Traits of Minority Students. THE CLEARING HOUSE 63(7): 299-304,1990. 12. Yong, F. , and N. Ewing, A Comparative Study of the Learning-Style Preferences among Gifted African-American, Mexican-American and American Born Chinese Middle-Grade Students. ROEPER REVIEW 14(3): 120-123. EJ 447 200, 1992.

Introduction to Contract Management - 1025 Words

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO CONTRACT MANAGEMENT A contract is an agreement having a lawful object entered into voluntarily by two or more parties, each of whom intends to create one or more legal obligations between or among them. The elements of a contract are offer and acceptance by competent persons having legal capacity who exchanges consideration to create mutuality of obligation. i.e. 1. Offer and Acceptance 2. Competent Persons 3. Consideration 4. Mutual Obligation 5. Lawful Object Contract law varies greatly from one jurisdiction to another, including differences in common law compared to civil law, the impact of received law, particularly from England in common law countries, and of law codified in regional†¦show more content†¦This includes the development and implementation of procedures covering the administrative and clerical activities. Good contract administration is important for the successful management of any contract. Contract administration also requires appropriate resourcing, and as part of the contract management planning both the agency and the supplier need to consider the level of resources required for the particular contract. Procedures should be in place for the management of the main contract activities. These may include: i) Contract variations, including change control ii) Cost monitoring iii) Ordering procedures, e.g. ordering of hardware iv) Payment procedures v) Management reporting †¢ Transition Planning Transition planning is an important activity whenever there is the potential for service delivery to be affected by the transition. As noted in the section on contract planning, in relatively routine, straightforward procurements, transition arrangements may be covered in the contract management plan. However, in more complex procurements a detailed transition plan may be required. 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